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PA30245 Infection and Immunity > ANTIBIOTIC SUMMARY > Flashcards

ANTIBIOTIC SUMMARY Flashcards

1
Q

What classes of Abx act on cell wall synthesis?

A 
B-lactams
Glycopeptides
Bacitracin
Cycloserine
Fosfomycin
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2
Q

What classes of Abx act on the cell membrane?

A

Polymyxins

Lipopeptides

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3
Q

What classes of Abx act on nucleic acids?

A 
Sulphonamides
Quinolones
Rifamycins
Nitromidazoles
Nitrofurantoin
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4
Q

What classes of Abx act on protein synthesis?

A 
Aminoglycosides
Oxazolidinone
Chloramphenicol
Tetracyclines
MAcrolides
Lincosamides
Streptogramins
Fusidic acid
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5
Q

Name some B-lactams

A 
Pen G
Pen V
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams
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6
Q

What is the MoA of B-lactams?

A

Binds PBP preventing Xlinking of PG chain.
Incorporated into chain.
Stimulates autolysins

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7
Q

What is the MoR of B-lactams?

A

B-lactamases
Altered PBP
Mutations in porins

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8
Q

What are B-lactams used for?

A 
Throat infections
Endocarditis
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Cellulitis
Osteomyelitis
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9
Q

What are the side effects of B-lactams?

A 
Hypersensitivity
Neurotoxicity
Renal failure
Diarrhoea
Pseudomonas colitis
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10
Q

Name some glycopeptides

A

Vancomycin

Teicoplanin

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11
Q

What is the MoA for glycopeptides?

A

Binds d-ala-d-ala.
Inhibits transglycosidase enzymes-PG nit incorporated
Inhibits X-linking

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12
Q

What is the MoR to glycopeptides?

A

D-ala-d-ala chages fo d-ala-dlactae/serine

Destabilises binding of vanc

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13
Q

What are glycopeptides used for?

A

C.diff infections

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14
Q

What are the side effects of glycopeptides?

A 
Pain & thrombophlebitis
Renal toxicity
Ototoxicity
Blood disorders
Anaphylactoid reactions
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15
Q

What is the MoA of bacitracin?

A

Inhibits dephosphorylation of lipid carrier molecules.
Prevents transport of PG from cytoplasm to exterior of cell wall.
Cell lysis

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16
Q

What is MOR to bacitracin?

A

Increased phosphorylated lipid carrier

Efflux pumps

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17
Q

What is bacitracin used for?

A

Topically in combo with other abxs to prevent skin, eye and wound infections

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18
Q

What are the side effects of bacitracin?

A

Contact allergic dermatitis

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19
Q

What is the MoA of cycloserine?

A

Prevents formation of D-ala-d-ala through activation of 2 enzymes converting L-ala to D-ala

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20
Q

What is the MoR to cycloserine?

A

Overexpression of 1 converting enzymes

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21
Q

What is cycloserine used for?

A

TB

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22
Q

What are the side effects of cycloserine?

A

CNS
Rashes
Liver damage

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23
Q

What is the MoA of fosfomycin?

A

Inhibits enzyme NAG-enolpyruvate transferase

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24
Q

What is the MoR to Fosfomycin?

A

Plasmid and chromosomally encoded enzymes break open the epoxide ring of fosfomycin

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25
Q

Name some polymyxins

A 
Polymyxin E (colistin)
Polymycin B
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26
Q

What is the MoA of Polymyxins?

A

Out membrane: bind tightly to lipid A component of LPS. Membrane becomes distorted & destroyed.
Then penetrates PG layer and binds to phospholipids in cytoplasmic membrane causing leakage of cytoplasmic components

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27
Q

What is the MoR to polymyxins?

A

Change structure of Lipid A.
Loss of LPS
Due to chromosomal mutations or plasmid acquisition

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28
Q

What are the uses for polymyxins?

A

IV-systemic resistant G-ve infections

P.aeruginosa in CF

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29
Q

What are the side effects of polymyxins?

A

Neurotoxic

Nephrotoxic

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30
Q

Name a lipopeptide

A

Daptomycin

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31
Q

What is the MoA of lipopeptides?

A 
Forms pores in cytoplasmic membrane through Ca dependent depolarisation.
Efflux of K+
Decrease nutrient uptake
Decrease ATP synthesis
Decrease DNA, RNA and protein synthesis
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32
Q

What is the MoR to lipopeptides?

A

Rare

Alteration in cell membrane

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33
Q

What are lipopeptides used for?

A

IV-skin and soft tissue infections

Endocarditis caused by G+ve

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34
Q

What are the side effects of lipopeptides?

A

Nephrotoxicity
Myopathy
Peripheral neurotoxicity
Colitis

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35
Q

Name a sulphonamide

A

Trimethoprim

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36
Q

What is the MoA of sulphonamides?

A

Inhibits enzymes required for synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid

37
Q

What is the MoR to sulphonamides?

A

Plasmid encoded altered dihydropterate synthetase.

38
Q

What is the MoR to trimethoprim?

A

Over production of dihydrofolate reductase

39
Q

What are sulphonamides used for?

A

UTI

Acne

40
Q

What are the side effects of sulphonamides?

A

GIT
Allergy
Myelosuppression

41
Q

Name some quinolones

A

Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin
Moxifloxacin
Ofloxacin

42
Q

What is the MoA of quinolones?

A

Inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV

43
Q

What is the MoR to quinolones?

A

Mutations in gyrase and top IV
Changes in efflux
Altered permeability

44
Q

What are quinolones used for?

A 
RTI
UTI
GIT
STD
Systemic G-ve
45
Q

What are the side effects of quinolones?

A 
GIT
CNS
Cartilage dev
Tendon damage
Rash
Photosensitivity
Renal impairment
46
Q

Name a rifamycin

A

Rifampicin

47
Q

What is the MoA of rifamycins?

A

Inhibit RNA polymerase

48
Q

What is the MoR to rifamycins?

A

Mutations in RNA polymerase

Altered Efflux

49
Q

What are rifamycins used for?

A

TB
Prophylactic meningitis
Prosthetic joint infections
Endocarditis caused by staph

50
Q

What are the side effects of rifamycins?

A 
Hepatotoxicity
Fever
Rash
Hypersensitivity
GIT
Orange-red secretions
51
Q

Name a nitroimidazole

A

Metronidazole

52
Q

What is the MoA of nitroimidazoles?

A

Anaerobic conditions: nitroreductase and oxidoreductase form anion radicals.
Loss of function of DNA
Cell death

53
Q

What is the MoR of nitroimidazoles?

A

Mutations in nitroreductases/oxidoreductase

54
Q

What are nitroimidazoles used for?

A

C.diff
Genital tract infections
SSTIs-anaerobes
Abdominal and dental infections

55
Q

What are the side effects of nitroimidazoles?

A

GIT
CNS
Hypersensitivity
Urine red/brown

56
Q

What is the MoA of nitrofurantoin?

A

Oxidoreductase enzyes leads to ROS and DNA damage

57
Q

What are the MoR to nitrofurantoin?

A

Mutations in nitroreductase/oxidoreductase

58
Q

What is nitrofurantoin used for?

A

Non catheterised UTI

59
Q

Name some aminoglycosides

A

Gentamicin
Amikamicin
Tobramycin
Streptomycin

60
Q

What is the MoA of aminoglycosides?

A

Bind A site on 16s rRNA on 30S subunit.
Affect binding of tRNA in acceptor site.
Reduce translocation from A to P site

61
Q

What is the MoR to aminoglycosides?

A

Enzymatic modification prevents binding with target
Adenylylase
Acetylase
Phosphorylase

62
Q

What are aminoglycosides used for?

A 
Septicaemia
Complicated UTI
Nosocomial RTI
IV-serious aerobic baceria
G-ve pseudomonas
Some G+ve staph
63
Q

What are the side effects of aminoglycosides?

A

Nephrotoxicity

Ototoxicity

64
Q

What is streptomycin used for?

A

TB

Mycoplasma

65
Q

Name an oxazolidinone

A

Linezolid

66
Q

What is the MoA of oxazolidinone?

A

Interferes with binding of 50s rRNA

67
Q

What is the MoR of oxazolidinone?

A

Rare

Mutations in 23S rRNA

68
Q

What are oxazolidinone used for?

A

MRSA

VRE

69
Q

What is the MoA of chloramphenicol?

A

Binds 50S subunit.

Prevents peptide formation

70
Q

What is the MoR to chloramphenicol?

A

Plasmid encoded CAT gene

71
Q

What is chloramphenicol used for?

A

Topical-eye infections

PO- meningitis, typhoid fever

72
Q

What are the side effects of chloramphenicol?

A 
Peripheral or optic neuritis
Bone marrow suppression
Aplastic aneamia
Grey baby syndrome
GIT alters flora
73
Q

Name some tetracyclines

A

Doxycycline
Minocycline
Oxytetracycline

74
Q

What is the MoA of tetracyclines?

A

Binds to 16S RNA 30 subunit

Prevents tRNA entering A site

75
Q

What is the MoR to tetracyclines?

A

Increased efflux

76
Q

What are tetracyclines used for?

A

Acne
SSTIs
Mycoplasma
Peridontal disease

77
Q

What are the side effects of tetracyclines?

A 
GI
Deposition in bone/teeth
Liver damage
Headache
Vertigo
Phototoxicity
78
Q

Name some macrolides

A

Erythromycin
Azithromycin
Clarithromycin

79
Q

Name some Lincosamides

A

Clindamycin

Cleocin

80
Q

What is the MoA of macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins?

A

Binds to P site on 23S rRNA 50S subunit

Inhibits translocation and release of tRNA

81
Q

What is the MoR to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins?

A

Methylation of 23S RNA
Increased efflux
Ribosomal mutation

82
Q

What are macrolides used for?

A

RTI
STI
GI
SSTI

83
Q

What are lincosamides used for?

A

Staph bone and joint infections
RI
Peritonitis
Septicaemia

84
Q

What are the side effects of macrolides?

A 
GI
Choleostatic jaundice
Reversible ototoxicity
Allergic reactions
Arrhythmias
85
Q

Wht are the side effects of lincosamides?

A

Diarrhoea

86
Q

What is the MoA of fusidic acid?

A

Binds EF-G:GDP complex to ribosome

Inhibits translocation of tRNA

87
Q

What is the MoR to Fusidic acid?

A

Altered EF-G

88
Q

What is fusidic acid used for?

A

Top- skin and eye infections

PO/IV-endocarditis, osteomyelitis

PA30245 Infection and Immunity (30 decks)

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