The impact of collectivsation on the kulaks and other peasants and the famine of 1932-1934

Question 1

The ________ and ______ opposition to the process of collectivisation amounted to civil war in the countryside.

Answer 1

widespread and violent

Question 2

What did the widespread and violent opposition to the process of collectivisation amount to in the countryside?

Answer 2

civil war

Question 3

Which group of people usually joined collectives voluntarily, although more peasants did not?

Answer 3

poorer peasants

Question 4

Where were the most hostile peasants from?

Answer 4

more fertile agricultural areas like the Ukraine

Question 5

What did peasants who feared they would be labelled kulaks do?

Answer 5

they burned their farms, crops and their livestock

Question 6

The armed forces dealt brutally with the unrest, with some doing what?

Answer 6

burning down whole villages

Question 7

Any peasant who resisted collectivisation were classified as what?

Answer 7

a kulak and class enemy

Question 8

Where were millions of peasants who resisted collectivisation deported and herded into labour camps?

Answer 8

Siberia

Question 9

What was a negative effect of ‘dekulakisation’?

Answer 9

this removed some of the most successful and skilled farmers from the countryside

Question 10

Approx how many peasants died as a result of resistance or the effects of deportation?

Answer 10

c10 million

Question 11

By what year had 19 million peasants migrated to towns?

Answer 11

1939

Question 12

For every 3 peasants who joined a collective, how many left the countryside to become an urban worker?

Answer 12

one

Question 13

Where were those peasants who joined the collectives left with a sense of towards the regime?

Answer 13

of betrayal and hostility

Question 14

Why did many peasants who joined the collectives have a sense of betrayal and hostility towards the regime?

Answer 14

because of the condition as a ‘new serfdom’

Question 15

In what year and month was there a new law which stated anyone who stole from a collective, even just a few ears of corn, could be gaoled for 10 years?

Answer 15

August 1932

Question 16

In August 1932 what law was set?

Answer 16

a law which stated that anyone who stole from a collective, even just a few ears of corn, could be gaoled for 10 years.

Question 17

What did further depress after 1932 threaten who lead to 10 year sentences?

Answer 17

any attempt to sell meat or grain before quotas were filled

Question 18

Why were internal passport systems introduced?

Answer 18

largely to prevent peasants fleeing from famine stricken areas

Question 19

Why did peasants rarely receive a share of the profits from their collective farms which gave little incentive for hard work?

Answer 19

as quotas were so high that there was rarely any profit

Question 20

from what year were peasants allowed to sell their vegetables and meat in the market place from their private plots?

Answer 20

1935

Question 21

Why did the government legally allow peasants to sell from their own private plots in the market place in 1935?

Answer 21

as it was already going on illegally and food was desperately needed

Question 22

what % of 
-veg
-meat
-milk 
form peasant plots were said to have been produced for the Soviet Union by the late 1930s?

Answer 22

52%-veg
70%-meat
71%- milks

Question 23

Why did many peasants not receive education?

Answer 23

as they were sacrificed in the name of the Soviet Ideology to meet the needs of industry

Question 24

What month and year did drought hit many agricultural areas?

Answer 24

October 1931

Question 25

the drought in October 1931 combined with the kulak deportations led to what?

Answer 25

a severe drop in food production

Question 26

By when in 1932 did famine appear in the Ukraine after the drought in October 1931 and the deportation of Kulaks?

Answer 26

spring

Question 27

Over 1932 to 1933, where did the famine in the Ukraine spread to? (2)

Answer 27

to Kazakhstan and parts of the Northern Caucasus

Question 28

Despite the drop in grain production what did the state continue to demand?

Answer 28

its requistions

Question 29

What does historian Robert Conquest believe?

Answer 29

that there was a deliberate policy to take unrealistic grain quotas in areas that had opposed collectivisation in order to condemn millions of peasants to starvation

Question 30

How can the industrial workforce be seen as a success of collectivisation?

Answer 30

as they were fed and exports of grain increased

Question 31

Many peasants endured an upheaval and destroyed a way life and were forced to starve and die in the interests of what?

Answer 31

economic socialisation

Question 32

During the period of peasant opposition, agricultural production fell dramatically to what year levels?

Answer 32

1913 levels

Question 33

what % of cattle, pigs and sheep were slaughtered by peasants between 1929-1933?

Answer 33

25-30%

Question 34

Grain output did not exceed pre-collectivisation levels until what year?

Answer 34

until 1935

Question 35

Until what year did livestock numbers rise back up to what they had been pre-collectivisation?

Answer 35

1953

Question 36

Why were collectives poorly organised in the early years? (4)

Answer 36

as party activists who had helped establish them knew nothing of farming, few tractors, insufficient animals and fertilisers

Question 37

Collectivisation was a ____ and _____ way of achieving Stalin’s economic goals.

Answer 37

slow

brutal

Question 38

What reinforced Stains control within the USSR and over the Communist Party?

Answer 38

the political control over the countryside

Question 39

Why did those on the right such as Bukharin and Rykov lose power and influence in the USSR?

Answer 39

as they moved further along the road towards Stalin’s version of socialism

Question 40

Apart from what, was any remains of capitalism based on private enterprise destroyed?

Answer 40

private plots