The impact of collectivsation on the kulaks and other peasants and the famine of 1932-1934 Flashcards
The ________ and ______ opposition to the process of collectivisation amounted to civil war in the countryside.
widespread and violent
What did the widespread and violent opposition to the process of collectivisation amount to in the countryside?
civil war
Which group of people usually joined collectives voluntarily, although more peasants did not?
poorer peasants
Where were the most hostile peasants from?
more fertile agricultural areas like the Ukraine
What did peasants who feared they would be labelled kulaks do?
they burned their farms, crops and their livestock
The armed forces dealt brutally with the unrest, with some doing what?
burning down whole villages
Any peasant who resisted collectivisation were classified as what?
a kulak and class enemy
Where were millions of peasants who resisted collectivisation deported and herded into labour camps?
Siberia
What was a negative effect of ‘dekulakisation’?
this removed some of the most successful and skilled farmers from the countryside
Approx how many peasants died as a result of resistance or the effects of deportation?
c10 million
By what year had 19 million peasants migrated to towns?
1939
For every 3 peasants who joined a collective, how many left the countryside to become an urban worker?
one
Where were those peasants who joined the collectives left with a sense of towards the regime?
of betrayal and hostility
Why did many peasants who joined the collectives have a sense of betrayal and hostility towards the regime?
because of the condition as a ‘new serfdom’
In what year and month was there a new law which stated anyone who stole from a collective, even just a few ears of corn, could be gaoled for 10 years?
August 1932
In August 1932 what law was set?
a law which stated that anyone who stole from a collective, even just a few ears of corn, could be gaoled for 10 years.
What did further depress after 1932 threaten who lead to 10 year sentences?
any attempt to sell meat or grain before quotas were filled
Why were internal passport systems introduced?
largely to prevent peasants fleeing from famine stricken areas
Why did peasants rarely receive a share of the profits from their collective farms which gave little incentive for hard work?
as quotas were so high that there was rarely any profit
from what year were peasants allowed to sell their vegetables and meat in the market place from their private plots?
1935
Why did the government legally allow peasants to sell from their own private plots in the market place in 1935?
as it was already going on illegally and food was desperately needed
what % of -veg -meat -milk form peasant plots were said to have been produced for the Soviet Union by the late 1930s?
52%-veg
70%-meat
71%- milks
Why did many peasants not receive education?
as they were sacrificed in the name of the Soviet Ideology to meet the needs of industry
What month and year did drought hit many agricultural areas?
October 1931
the drought in October 1931 combined with the kulak deportations led to what?
a severe drop in food production
By when in 1932 did famine appear in the Ukraine after the drought in October 1931 and the deportation of Kulaks?
spring
Over 1932 to 1933, where did the famine in the Ukraine spread to? (2)
to Kazakhstan and parts of the Northern Caucasus
Despite the drop in grain production what did the state continue to demand?
its requistions
What does historian Robert Conquest believe?
that there was a deliberate policy to take unrealistic grain quotas in areas that had opposed collectivisation in order to condemn millions of peasants to starvation
How can the industrial workforce be seen as a success of collectivisation?
as they were fed and exports of grain increased
Many peasants endured an upheaval and destroyed a way life and were forced to starve and die in the interests of what?
economic socialisation
During the period of peasant opposition, agricultural production fell dramatically to what year levels?
1913 levels
what % of cattle, pigs and sheep were slaughtered by peasants between 1929-1933?
25-30%
Grain output did not exceed pre-collectivisation levels until what year?
until 1935
Until what year did livestock numbers rise back up to what they had been pre-collectivisation?
1953
Why were collectives poorly organised in the early years? (4)
as party activists who had helped establish them knew nothing of farming, few tractors, insufficient animals and fertilisers
Collectivisation was a ____ and _____ way of achieving Stalin’s economic goals.
slow
brutal
What reinforced Stains control within the USSR and over the Communist Party?
the political control over the countryside
Why did those on the right such as Bukharin and Rykov lose power and influence in the USSR?
as they moved further along the road towards Stalin’s version of socialism
Apart from what, was any remains of capitalism based on private enterprise destroyed?
private plots
