Culture and Society Flashcards
How did marx describe religion?
as the ‘opium of the people’
How did Lenin destroy much of the earthly power of the Russian Orthodox Church?
- church lands seized
- births, marriages and deaths and schools secularised
Who was the patriarch of the Orthodox Church who made a promise to stay out of politics in return for State recognition of the Orthodox church in 1927?
Sergius
Under Stalin how did the Orthodox Church find itself under a more direct attack? (2)
religious schools closed down
teaching of religious creeds forbidden
How was worship restricted under Stalin?
to ‘registered congregations’
Between what years was the holy day of Sunday abolished?
1929-1940
How many days of the week were workers employed?
6/7
In what year was there a brief relaxation of the anti-religious camp again which vigorously renewed after the terror extended?
1935
What did Stalin’s 1936 constitution criminalise?
the publication or organisation of religious propaganda
Who regained the right to wrote in Stalin’s 1936 constitution which they had lost in 1918?
priests
In what decade did large numbers of priests get sent to the gulags for accused political involvement?
1930’s
how did orthodox congregations survive?
as priests were supported by voluntary donations
What happened to Soviet mosques?
their Sharia courts were abolished
From what year were pilgrimages to Mecca forbidden?
1935
What happened to those who obeyed Soviet injunctions in Asian muslim communities?
they were murdered by traditionalists
As well as attacks on Orthodox church, Jews and Muslims who else were there attacks on? (3)
Buddhist institutions, the Armenian and Georgian Churches
By 1941 how many Christian churches and Muslim mosques had been closed and converted into schools, cinemas, clubs and warehouses?
40,000 churches and 25,000 Muslim mosques
In the 1937 consensus how many Soviet citizens described themselves as religious believers?
over half a million
under the new liberation of women, what was outlawed?
sex discrimination
What was the family first seen as in Soviet society?
as a relic of a bourgeois society
IN what year did Russia become the first european country to legalise abortion in an attempt to give women the freedom of choice?
1929
What led Stalin to revert to more traditional policies during the 1930’s?
the fall in population growth combined with family breakups with the legalisation of divorce onto of the purges and poor living conditions
What was the “Great Retreat”?
this was a conscious rejection of the social experiment of the post-revolutionary period which had rejected the ‘family’ as a relic of a bourgeois society
How did Stalin use ‘family’ propaganda?
he presented himself as a father figure and the ideal family man.
How were woman portrayed in 1920’s Russian film and and art?
as muscular, plainly dress women who helped to build Soviet Russia
When was the new ‘family code’ put forward following a decision of the Central Committee which
- made illegal abortion
- difficult to get divorce
- contraception banned
- mothers of 6+ received tax exemptions
- Children who committed violent crimes 12+ treated like adults
- adultery criminalised
June 1936