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ANEW-H-Russia > Economy&Society 1929-41. Agricultural and social developments in countryside > Flashcards

Economy&Society 1929-41. Agricultural and social developments in countryside Flashcards

1
Q

Why had Stalin committed the USSR to collective farming as a result of?

A

as a result of his Great Turn in 1928

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2
Q

initially Stalin’s regime emphasised voluntary collectivisation, how did it try to persuade the peasants?

A

through posters, leaflets and films showing the benefits of working communally

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3
Q

What was the Ural-Siberian method of grain requisitioning?

A

this involved the forcible seizure of grain and the closing down of private markets

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4
Q

by 1929 what % of all farms had been collectivised?

A

5%

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5
Q

What did Stalin believe caused some of the grain procurement problems?

A

the richer kulaks from holding back supplies

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6
Q

in December 1929 what did Stalin announce?

A

that he would ‘annihilate the kulaks as a class’

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7
Q

What month and year did Stalin announce that he would ‘annihilate the kulaks as a class’?

A

December 1929

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8
Q

What did the collectivisation programme coincide with?

A

Stalin’s First Five Year Plan

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9
Q

What did the success of the First Five Year Plan depend on?

A

the regular supplies of food to support town workers and plenty of grain for export to finance industrial development

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10
Q

For Stalin collectivisation was as much a _____ as an economic crusade?

A

social

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11
Q

What did the government begin the collectivisation campaign with?

A

issues of new procurement quotas with punishments for peasants who did not keep up with deliveries

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12
Q

Why was there a deliberate propaganda campaign waged against the kulaks?

A

in an attempt to create a rift within the peasant class between the poor and better off farmers

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13
Q

by when did the government begin a programme of all out forced collectivisation?

A

the end of 1929

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14
Q

Who were peasants driven into collectives by? (3)

A

local party members with the support of the OGPU and Red Army where necessary

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15
Q

Stalin declared that the kulaks were not permitted to join collectives and had to be what?

A

liquidated as a class

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16
Q

Who were used to execute or deport kulaks? (2)

A

OGPU and Red Army

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17
Q

What % of the peasant population did the kulaks represent?

A

4%

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18
Q

What % of peasant holdings were destroyed regardless of only 4% of peasants being kulaks?

A

15%

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19
Q

how many peasants were forced to migrate to north and east to poorer land?

A

c150,000

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20
Q

How did some peasants try to avoid being labelled as kulaks?

A

by killing their livestock and destroying their crops

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21
Q

In January 1930 what % of grain farming areas did Stalin announce were to be collectivised that year?

A

25%

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22
Q

How was the brutal treatment meted out to the kulaks used to other peasants?

A

this created fear amongst the peasants into joining the collectives

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23
Q

What did the speed with which this operation was carried out lead Stalin to do?

A

Stalin had to say that local officials were being too rigorous and confrontational in their methods

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24
Q

What was the article Stalin wrote which discussed how local officials were being too rigorous and confrontational in their methods?

A

“dizzy with success”

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25
Q

After Stalin’s article, “dizzy with success”, what happened as a consequence? (2)

A

a brief return to voluntary collectivisation was permitted until after the harvest had been collected that year
-peasants allowed to leave collectives and have their livestock returned to them

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26
Q

What did the effect of Stalin’s dizzy with success article have on the number of collectives?

A

reduced it immediately

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27
Q

in October 1930, what % of households were still collectivised?

A

20%

28
Q

what year did collectivisation of households reach 100%?

A

1941

29
Q

What year was 50% of all households collectivised?

A

1931

30
Q

What % of households were collectivised by 1931?

A

50%

31
Q

What was the typical collective farm known as?

A

Kolkhoz

32
Q

How many families did the average kolkhoz comprise of?

A

c75 families

33
Q

In some of the larger Kolkhozes, what were established? (2)

A

schools and clinics

34
Q

What would happen in the kolkhozes if the quotas were not met?

A

the government would not pay the farm

35
Q

What happened to any profit or goods left after procurement ?

A

they were shared among the collective farm members according to the number of ‘labour days’ he or she had contributed to the farming year

36
Q

From what year were kolkhoz’s able to sell any left over produce in a collective arm market, the only free market permitted in the USSR?

A

1932

37
Q

Who controlled the Kolkhoz’s

A

under the control of a Communist Party member who asked as Chairman of the collective

38
Q

Why was there a Communist Party member who acted as Chairman of the collective?

A

to ensure communist control of rural areas

39
Q

How were peasants forbade from leaving the kolkhoz?

A

through a system of internal passports

40
Q

what was a Sovkhoz?

A

a state farm

41
Q

How many farms were run as state farms (Sovkhoz)??

A

a relatively small number

42
Q

When were the first Sovkhoz’s created?

A

in the early 1920’s

43
Q

Why were the first Sovkhoz’s created in the early 1920’s?

A

as an example of ‘socialist agriculture of the highest order’ and thought of as an ideal way of communist farming

44
Q

In Sovkhoz’s what were the labourers classified as?

A

workers rather than peasants

45
Q

who were the labourers in the Sovkhoz’s paid by?

A

directly by the state

46
Q

Which were usually larger, Sovkhoz’s or Kolkhoz’s?

A

Sovkhoz’s

47
Q

Where were the Sovkhoz’s workers recruited from?

A

from landless rural residents

48
Q

How were the Sovkhoz’s organised?

A

organised according to industrial principles for specialised large scale production

49
Q

What 2 areas were the Sovkhoz’s organisation deemed particularly suited to?

A

to the grain growing areas of Ukraine and southern Russia

50
Q

Why was Stalin forced to permit most farms to be of the kolkhoz type in the 1930’s?

A

due to peasant opposition to becoming wage labourers

51
Q

Regardless of Stalin having to permit more farms to be Kolkhozes due to peasant opposition to becoming wage labourers, what was the official expectation?

A

that all kolkhozes would be turned into Sovkhozes in the longer term

52
Q

What were the collectives intended to provide?

A

more effective farming

53
Q

What was the establishment of Kolkhozes and Sovkhozes accompanied by? (2)

A

a drive towards greater mechanisation and use of more modern farming methods

54
Q

What was an added bonus of the use of tractors and agricultural machinery?

A

this reduced the number of peasants needed on the land which enabled them to work in the industrial cities

55
Q

When were Machine Tractor Stations (MTS) set up?

A

from 1931

56
Q

Why were Machine Tractor Stations (MTS) set up from 1931?

A

to provide seed and hire out tractors and machinery to collective and state farms

57
Q

How many Machine Tractor Stations (MTS) were set up from 1931?

A

2,500

58
Q

Although there were 2,500 Machine Tractor Farms (MTS), there was still only one between how many collective farms by 1940?

A

one for every 40

59
Q

Which generally received more and better machinery such as combine harvesters and chemical fertilisers?

A

state farms (sovkhozes)

60
Q

Which 4 types of people were sent to the countryside to advise on how to use the machinery from the MTS and improve farming methods, with state farms (sovkhozes) being given the most support?

A

Agronomists, veterinary surgeons, surveyors and technicians

61
Q 
By 1938 what % of 
-threshing 
-ploughing 
-spring sowing 
-harvesting 
were carried out mechanically?
A

threshing=95%
ploughing=72%
spring sowing=57%
harvesting=48%

62
Q 
Although by 1938
threshing=95%
ploughing=72%
spring sowing=57%
harvesting=48%
were carried out mechanically, other farm operations were less mechanised and many of the machines that were used were still, what?
A

labour intensive

63
Q

What task was continued to be largely manual work?

A

weeding

64
Q

why the end of 1938 how many lorries were there being used in Soviet agriculture compared to over a million in the USA?

A

196,000

65
Q

How did Machine Tractor Stations (MTS) act as a Party prop in rural areas? (3)

A
  • as officials ensured that quotas were collected from the farms
  • correct propaganda messages were conveyed
  • acted as spies, reporting any local troubles

ANEW-H-Russia (36 decks)

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