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MCQ 1.2 > The GI Tract > Flashcards

The GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Which 2 oral cavity muscles are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve

A

Geniohyoid
Thryohyoid

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2
Q

Which muscle of the oral cavity is innervated by the facial nerve

A

Digastric posterior belly

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3
Q

Which 6 muscles of the oral cavity are innervated by the meningeal trigeminal nerve

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Digastric anterior belly
Mylohyoid

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4
Q

Which 3 muscles of the oral cavity are innervated by the C1-C3

A

Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid

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5
Q

What is the parotid gland parasympathetically innervated by

A

Auriculotemporal branch of glossopharyngeal nerve

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6
Q

What is the parotid gland sympathetically innervated by

A

Sympathetic plexus of the external carotid artery

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7
Q

What are the submandibular and sublingual glands parasympathetically innervated by

A

Facial nerve and chorda tympani via the lingual branch of CN V3

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8
Q

What are the submandibular and sublingual glands sympathetically innervated by

A

Carotid sympathetic plexus running in the walls of submental and or sublingual arteries

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9
Q

What are the 3 parts which the pharynx can be categorised into

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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10
Q

What is the nasopharynx

A

Continuous with the nasal cavity, humidifies and warms inspired air, contains adenoid tonsils

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11
Q

What is the oropharynx

A

Between soft palate and superior border of epiglottis
Contains posterior 1/3 of tongue and palatine and lingual tonsils and superior constrictor muscles

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12
Q

What is the laryngopharynx

A

Between superior border of epiglottis and inferior border of cricoid cartilage
Contains the middle and inferior constrictor muscles

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13
Q

What are the 3 pairs of longitudinal muscles in the pharynx

A

Salpingopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Stylopharyngeus

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14
Q

What are the 3 constrictor muscles of the pharynx

A

Superior constrictor
Middle constrictor
Inferior constrictor

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15
Q

What do the 3 pairs of longitudinal muscles of the pharynx do

A

Shorten and widen the pharynx and elevate the larynx during swallowing

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16
Q

What is the motor innervation for all the pharynx muscles expect the stylopharyngeus

A

Vagus nerve

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17
Q

What is the motor innervation for the stylopharyngeus

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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18
Q

What is peristalsis

A

The wavelike contractions of circular and longitudinal muscle in the oesophagus to move the food

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19
Q

How does the oesophagus enter the abdomen

A

Through the oesophageal hiatus

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20
Q

In the first third of the oesophagus what are the muscle layers

A

Striated skeletal muscle and under voluntary control

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21
Q

In the final third of the oesophagus what are the muscle layers

A

Smooth muscle and involuntary

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22
Q

What is the origin of the upper part of the oesophagus

A

Nucleus ambiguus

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23
Q

What is the origin of the lower part of the oesophagus

A

Dorsal motor nucleus

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24
Q

What nerves supply the muscles in the oesophagus

A

Via the vagal trunks and oesophageal plexus

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25
What is the pharyngo oesophageal junction contracted by
The sling of the cricopharyngeus muscle which creates an anatomical sphincter to reduce casual entry of air
26
What prevents the reflux of acidic stomach contents into the oesophagus
The physiological sphincter at the gastro oesophageal junction
27
What is the epithelium of the oesophageal mucosa
Non keratinised stratified squamous
28
What are the 4 divisions of the stomach
Cardia Fundus Body Pylorus
29
What is the cardia
Surrounds superior opening of stomach
30
What is the fundus
Rounded portion superior and left of cardia often gas filled in stomach
31
What is the pylorus
Connecting stomach to duodenum divided into antrum, canal and sphincter
32
What are the 3 sections that the pylorus is split into
Antrum Canal Sphincter
33
How much ingested food does the stomach accumulate
2-3L
34
What arteries supply the lateral stomach
Left and right gastro one tall arteries and short gastric arteries which follow the greater curvature
35
What is the third inner muscle of the stomach
Oblique muscle layer
36
What does the oblique muscle layer in the stomach do
Churns converting food to semi liquid chyme
37
What are the 4 cells within the glands of the stomach
Foveolar cells Parietal (oxyntic) cells Chief (zymogenic) cells Scattered enteroendocrine cells
38
What do foveolar cells do
At the entrance secrete protective mucus to prevent acid damage
39
What do parietal (oxyntic) cells do
Secrete hydrochloric acid and gastric intrinsic factor
40
What do chief (zymogenic) cells do
Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
41
What do scattered enteroendocrine cells do
Usually located at the base of the gastric glands and secrete a number of hormones
42
What is the pH level in the mouth
5-7
43
What is the pH level in the stomach
1-3
44
What is the pH level in the colon
5-7
45
What is the pH level in the small intestine
6-7.5
46
What are the 4 section of the duodenum
1st superior 2nd descending 3rd inferior 4th ascending
47
How is the superior part of the duodenum connected to the liver
By hepatoduodenal ligament containing the portal triad
48
What does the descending part of the duodenum do
Openings at which pancreatic and bile secretions enter
49
How does the ascending part of the duodenum join the jejunum
At the duodenojejunal flexure
50
What is brunners glands
Tubular submucosal glands found above the hepatopancreatic sphincter Produce mucus rich, alkaline secretion which coats and protects the duodenum from acidic chyme
51
What is happens in Crohn’s disease
Inflammatory bowel disease results in blunting of the villi and is also associated with inflammation and ulceration
52
Where are villi and micro villi found in the GI tract
Duodenum
53
What does the liver secrete
400-800 ml of bile per day
54
What does bile do
Neutralise the acidic chyme as it leaves the stomach Emulsify lipids into micelles allowing pancreatic lipase to digest lipids within the small intestine
55
How does bile enter the duodenum
Gall bladder contracts and the hepatopancreatic sphincter relaxes
56
What 2 ducts does the pancreas have
Main pancreatic duct Accessory duct
57
What 7 enzyme precursors does the pancreas acinar cells secrete
Trypsinogen Chymotrypsinogen Elastase Carboxypeptidase Lipase Nuclease Amylase
58
What do the cells lining the ducts in the pancreas secrete
Sodium hydrogen carbonate to neutralise acidic gastric contents
59
Where is the jejumun found
Upper left quadrant
60
Where is the ileum found
Lower right quadrant
61
What is the intestinal wall of the jejumun
Thick
62
What is the intestinal wall of the ileum
Thin
63
What is the vasa recta of the jejunum
Longer
64
what is the vasa recta of the ileum
Shorter
65
What are the arcades of the jejunum
Fewer
66
what are the arcades of the ileum
More
67
What is the colour of the jejunum
Reddish
68
What is the colour of the ileum
Pinkish
69
What veins drain the jejunum and ileum
Superior mesenteric vein, which joins with the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein draining to the liver
70
What are plicae circulares
The mucosa of the small intestine is ridged into circular folds known as this
71
Where do peyers patches lie
Within the lamina propria and submucosa
72
What are peyers patches
About 100 aggregations of lymphocytes in the distal jejunum and ileum that can deploy in a rapid immune response against any absorbed pathogens
73
What are interstitial cells of caial
Pacemakers for peristaltic action of the gut and sit in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses
74
What does the vagal nerve help do in the GI tract
Control oesophageal propulsion, gastric acid secretion and emptying, gallbladder contraction, pancreatic exocrine secretions
75
What does the large intestine retrieve
H20 Na+ Vitamins
76
What does the large intestine secrete
Large amounts of mucus and some hormones
77
What is the epithelium of the large intestine
Columnar absorptive cells with striated border many goblet cells, endocrine cells and basal stem cells
78
Where does the foregut run
From the abdominal oesophagus to just below the major duodenal papilla
79
Where does the midgut run
2/3rds along the transverse colon
80
Where does the hindgut run
To the upper part of the anal canal
81
What is the peritoneum
A thin secretory membrane lining the potential cavity of the abdomen and pelvis Simple squamous mesothelium
82
What is parietal peritoneum
Where the membrane is in direct contact with the cavity walls
83
What is visceral peritoneum
When the membrane is directly covering an organ
84
What is intraperitoneal
When an organ is entirely enclosed in visceral peritoneum and the double layered sheet of peritoneum suspending the organ is a mesentery
85
What is retroperitoneal
An organ pressed against the abdominal wall by peritoneal membrane
86
Which organs are retroperitoneal in the GI tract
Duodenum Pancreas Ascending and descending colon Rectum

MCQ 1.2 (34 decks)

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