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MCQ 1.2 > The GI Tract > Flashcards

The GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Which 2 oral cavity muscles are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve

A

Geniohyoid
Thryohyoid

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2
Q

Which muscle of the oral cavity is innervated by the facial nerve

A

Digastric posterior belly

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3
Q

Which 6 muscles of the oral cavity are innervated by the meningeal trigeminal nerve

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Digastric anterior belly
Mylohyoid

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4
Q

Which 3 muscles of the oral cavity are innervated by the C1-C3

A

Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid

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5
Q

What is the parotid gland parasympathetically innervated by

A

Auriculotemporal branch of glossopharyngeal nerve

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6
Q

What is the parotid gland sympathetically innervated by

A

Sympathetic plexus of the external carotid artery

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7
Q

What are the submandibular and sublingual glands parasympathetically innervated by

A

Facial nerve and chorda tympani via the lingual branch of CN V3

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8
Q

What are the submandibular and sublingual glands sympathetically innervated by

A

Carotid sympathetic plexus running in the walls of submental and or sublingual arteries

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9
Q

What are the 3 parts which the pharynx can be categorised into

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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10
Q

What is the nasopharynx

A

Continuous with the nasal cavity, humidifies and warms inspired air, contains adenoid tonsils

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11
Q

What is the oropharynx

A

Between soft palate and superior border of epiglottis
Contains posterior 1/3 of tongue and palatine and lingual tonsils and superior constrictor muscles

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12
Q

What is the laryngopharynx

A

Between superior border of epiglottis and inferior border of cricoid cartilage
Contains the middle and inferior constrictor muscles

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13
Q

What are the 3 pairs of longitudinal muscles in the pharynx

A

Salpingopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Stylopharyngeus

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14
Q

What are the 3 constrictor muscles of the pharynx

A

Superior constrictor
Middle constrictor
Inferior constrictor

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15
Q

What do the 3 pairs of longitudinal muscles of the pharynx do

A

Shorten and widen the pharynx and elevate the larynx during swallowing

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16
Q

What is the motor innervation for all the pharynx muscles expect the stylopharyngeus

A

Vagus nerve

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17
Q

What is the motor innervation for the stylopharyngeus

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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18
Q

What is peristalsis

A

The wavelike contractions of circular and longitudinal muscle in the oesophagus to move the food

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19
Q

How does the oesophagus enter the abdomen

A

Through the oesophageal hiatus

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20
Q

In the first third of the oesophagus what are the muscle layers

A

Striated skeletal muscle and under voluntary control

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21
Q

In the final third of the oesophagus what are the muscle layers

A

Smooth muscle and involuntary

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22
Q

What is the origin of the upper part of the oesophagus

A

Nucleus ambiguus

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23
Q

What is the origin of the lower part of the oesophagus

A

Dorsal motor nucleus

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24
Q

What nerves supply the muscles in the oesophagus

A

Via the vagal trunks and oesophageal plexus

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25
Q

What is the pharyngo oesophageal junction contracted by

A

The sling of the cricopharyngeus muscle which creates an anatomical sphincter to reduce casual entry of air

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26
Q

What prevents the reflux of acidic stomach contents into the oesophagus

A

The physiological sphincter at the gastro oesophageal junction

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27
Q

What is the epithelium of the oesophageal mucosa

A

Non keratinised stratified squamous

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28
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the stomach

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus

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29
Q

What is the cardia

A

Surrounds superior opening of stomach

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30
Q

What is the fundus

A

Rounded portion superior and left of cardia often gas filled in stomach

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31
Q

What is the pylorus

A

Connecting stomach to duodenum divided into antrum, canal and sphincter

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32
Q

What are the 3 sections that the pylorus is split into

A

Antrum
Canal
Sphincter

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33
Q

How much ingested food does the stomach accumulate

A

2-3L

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34
Q

What arteries supply the lateral stomach

A

Left and right gastro one tall arteries and short gastric arteries which follow the greater curvature

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35
Q

What is the third inner muscle of the stomach

A

Oblique muscle layer

36
Q

What does the oblique muscle layer in the stomach do

A

Churns converting food to semi liquid chyme

37
Q

What are the 4 cells within the glands of the stomach

A

Foveolar cells
Parietal (oxyntic) cells
Chief (zymogenic) cells
Scattered enteroendocrine cells

38
Q

What do foveolar cells do

A

At the entrance secrete protective mucus to prevent acid damage

39
Q

What do parietal (oxyntic) cells do

A

Secrete hydrochloric acid and gastric intrinsic factor

40
Q

What do chief (zymogenic) cells do

A

Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

41
Q

What do scattered enteroendocrine cells do

A

Usually located at the base of the gastric glands and secrete a number of hormones

42
Q

What is the pH level in the mouth

A

5-7

43
Q

What is the pH level in the stomach

A

1-3

44
Q

What is the pH level in the colon

A

5-7

45
Q

What is the pH level in the small intestine

A

6-7.5

46
Q

What are the 4 section of the duodenum

A

1st superior
2nd descending
3rd inferior
4th ascending

47
Q

How is the superior part of the duodenum connected to the liver

A

By hepatoduodenal ligament containing the portal triad

48
Q

What does the descending part of the duodenum do

A

Openings at which pancreatic and bile secretions enter

49
Q

How does the ascending part of the duodenum join the jejunum

A

At the duodenojejunal flexure

50
Q

What is brunners glands

A

Tubular submucosal glands found above the hepatopancreatic sphincter
Produce mucus rich, alkaline secretion which coats and protects the duodenum from acidic chyme

51
Q

What is happens in Crohn’s disease

A

Inflammatory bowel disease results in blunting of the villi and is also associated with inflammation and ulceration

52
Q

Where are villi and micro villi found in the GI tract

A

Duodenum

53
Q

What does the liver secrete

A

400-800 ml of bile per day

54
Q

What does bile do

A

Neutralise the acidic chyme as it leaves the stomach
Emulsify lipids into micelles allowing pancreatic lipase to digest lipids within the small intestine

55
Q

How does bile enter the duodenum

A

Gall bladder contracts and the hepatopancreatic sphincter relaxes

56
Q

What 2 ducts does the pancreas have

A

Main pancreatic duct
Accessory duct

57
Q

What 7 enzyme precursors does the pancreas acinar cells secrete

A

Trypsinogen
Chymotrypsinogen
Elastase
Carboxypeptidase
Lipase
Nuclease
Amylase

58
Q

What do the cells lining the ducts in the pancreas secrete

A

Sodium hydrogen carbonate to neutralise acidic gastric contents

59
Q

Where is the jejumun found

A

Upper left quadrant

60
Q

Where is the ileum found

A

Lower right quadrant

61
Q

What is the intestinal wall of the jejumun

A

Thick

62
Q

What is the intestinal wall of the ileum

A

Thin

63
Q

What is the vasa recta of the jejunum

A

Longer

64
Q

what is the vasa recta of the ileum

A

Shorter

65
Q

What are the arcades of the jejunum

A

Fewer

66
Q

what are the arcades of the ileum

A

More

67
Q

What is the colour of the jejunum

A

Reddish

68
Q

What is the colour of the ileum

A

Pinkish

69
Q

What veins drain the jejunum and ileum

A

Superior mesenteric vein, which joins with the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein draining to the liver

70
Q

What are plicae circulares

A

The mucosa of the small intestine is ridged into circular folds known as this

71
Q

Where do peyers patches lie

A

Within the lamina propria and submucosa

72
Q

What are peyers patches

A

About 100 aggregations of lymphocytes in the distal jejunum and ileum that can deploy in a rapid immune response against any absorbed pathogens

73
Q

What are interstitial cells of caial

A

Pacemakers for peristaltic action of the gut and sit in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses

74
Q

What does the vagal nerve help do in the GI tract

A

Control oesophageal propulsion, gastric acid secretion and emptying, gallbladder contraction, pancreatic exocrine secretions

75
Q

What does the large intestine retrieve

A

H20
Na+
Vitamins

76
Q

What does the large intestine secrete

A

Large amounts of mucus and some hormones

77
Q

What is the epithelium of the large intestine

A

Columnar absorptive cells with striated border many goblet cells, endocrine cells and basal stem cells

78
Q

Where does the foregut run

A

From the abdominal oesophagus to just below the major duodenal papilla

79
Q

Where does the midgut run

A

2/3rds along the transverse colon

80
Q

Where does the hindgut run

A

To the upper part of the anal canal

81
Q

What is the peritoneum

A

A thin secretory membrane lining the potential cavity of the abdomen and pelvis
Simple squamous mesothelium

82
Q

What is parietal peritoneum

A

Where the membrane is in direct contact with the cavity walls

83
Q

What is visceral peritoneum

A

When the membrane is directly covering an organ

84
Q

What is intraperitoneal

A

When an organ is entirely enclosed in visceral peritoneum and the double layered sheet of peritoneum suspending the organ is a mesentery

85
Q

What is retroperitoneal

A

An organ pressed against the abdominal wall by peritoneal membrane

86
Q

Which organs are retroperitoneal in the GI tract

A

Duodenum
Pancreas
Ascending and descending colon
Rectum

MCQ 1.2 (34 decks)

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