Control Of Blood Glucose Flashcards
What does it mean to have hypoglycaemia
Not enough energy to key systems, especially the brain
People are shaky, confused, sweaty, clumsy and may lose consciousness
What does it mean to have hyperglycaemia
Over time can cause damage to kidneys, CV system, retina, feet and legs, nervous system
Hunger, thirst, increased urine production
What is the normal blood glucose level
4.4 - 6.1 mmol/L
What organ is key for blood glucose levels
The pancreas
What are the 3 pancreatic islets
Alpha cells
Beta cells
Exocrine acinus
What is administered when the blood sugar is high
Insulin
What is administered when the blood sugar is low
Glucagon
What does high blood sugar trigger
The beta cells in the islets of langerhans in the pancreas to release insulin
What is glycogenesis
Insulin promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver
What does insulin promote
Uptake of glucose into tissues by GLUT4 transporters
What is GLUT4
A protein which is incorporated into cell membranes (from vesicles) when insulin is released
Promotes uptake of glucose into tissues
What promotes synthesis of proteins and fatty acids
Insulin and inhibits breakdown of adipose into fatty acids and proteins into amino acids
What triggers the alpha cells in the pancreas
Low blood sugar in order to release glucagon
What is gylcogenolysis
The breakdown of glycogen into glucose
What is gluconeogenesis
The formation of glucose from amino acids or fats
What are 4 promotions of insulin
Promote conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver
Promotes uptake of glucose into tissue through GLUT4
Promotes synthesis of proteins and fatty acids
Inhibits breakdown of adipose into fatty acids and proteins into amino acids
What are 3 habits of glucagon
Stimulates breakdown of glycogen into glucose
Reduces fatty acid synthesis and promotes lipolysis in adipose tissue and the liver releasing fatty acids
Promotes gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from amino acids or fats)
What are 3 other hormones which lower blood glucose besides insulin
Amylin
GLP - 1
Somatostatin
What are 6 other hormones that raise blood glucose besides glucagon
Asprosin
Epinephrine
Cortisol
ACTH
Growth hormone
Thyroxine
How much of the uk adult population is currently diabetic
9%
Worldwide 8.5%
What percentage is type 2 diabetes
90%
What percentage of diabetics are type 1
10%
What is type 1 diabetes
Can’t produce enough insulin due to autoimmune attack of beta cells in the pancreas
Usually onset in childhood or young adulthood (before 40)
What are 4 complications of diabetes
Higher risk of cardiovascular disease
Diabetic retinopathy
Lower limb damage
Kidney failure
