Control Of Blood Glucose

Question 1

What does it mean to have hypoglycaemia

Answer 1

Not enough energy to key systems, especially the brain
People are shaky, confused, sweaty, clumsy and may lose consciousness

Question 2

What does it mean to have hyperglycaemia

Answer 2

Over time can cause damage to kidneys, CV system, retina, feet and legs, nervous system
Hunger, thirst, increased urine production

Question 3

What is the normal blood glucose level

Answer 3

4.4 - 6.1 mmol/L

Question 4

What organ is key for blood glucose levels

Answer 4

The pancreas

Question 5

What are the 3 pancreatic islets

Answer 5

Alpha cells
Beta cells
Exocrine acinus

Question 6

What is administered when the blood sugar is high

Answer 6

Insulin

Question 7

What is administered when the blood sugar is low

Answer 7

Glucagon

Question 8

What does high blood sugar trigger

Answer 8

The beta cells in the islets of langerhans in the pancreas to release insulin

Question 9

What is glycogenesis

Answer 9

Insulin promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver

Question 10

What does insulin promote

Answer 10

Uptake of glucose into tissues by GLUT4 transporters

Question 11

What is GLUT4

Answer 11

A protein which is incorporated into cell membranes (from vesicles) when insulin is released

Question 12

What promotes synthesis of proteins and fatty acids

Answer 12

Insulin and inhibits breakdown of adipose into fatty acids and proteins into amino acids

Question 13

What triggers the alpha cells in the pancreas

Answer 13

Low blood sugar in order to release glucagon

Question 14

What is gylcogenolysis

Answer 14

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose

Question 15

What is gluconeogenesis

Answer 15

The formation of glucose from amino acids or fats

Question 16

What are 4 promotions of insulin

Answer 16

Promote conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver
Promotes uptake of glucose into tissue through GLUT4
Promotes synthesis of proteins and fatty acids
Inhibits breakdown of adipose into fatty acids and proteins into amino acids

Question 17

What are 3 habits of glucagon

Answer 17

Stimulates breakdown of glycogen into glucose
Reduces fatty acid synthesis and promotes lipolysis in adipose tissue and the liver releasing fatty acids
Promotes gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from amino acids or fats)

Question 18

What are 3 other hormones which lower blood glucose besides insulin

Answer 18

Amylin
GLP - 1
Somatostatin

Question 19

What are 6 other hormones that raise blood glucose besides glucagon

Answer 19

Asprosin
Epinephrine
Cortisol
ACTH
Growth hormone
Thyroxine

Question 20

How much of the uk adult population is currently diabetic

Answer 20

9%
Worldwide 8.5%

Question 21

What percentage is type 2 diabetes

Answer 21

90%

Question 22

What percentage of diabetics are type 1

Answer 22

10%

Question 23

What is type 1 diabetes

Answer 23

Can’t produce enough insulin due to autoimmune attack of beta cells in the pancreas
Usually onset in childhood or young adulthood (before 40)

Question 24

What are 4 complications of diabetes

Answer 24

Higher risk of cardiovascular disease
Diabetic retinopathy
Lower limb damage
Kidney failure

Question 25

What are 5 symptoms of diabetes

Answer 25

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Fatigue
Weight loss

Question 26

What is type 2 diabetes caused by

Answer 26

Both lifestyle and genetic factors

Question 27

What is type 2 diabetes

Answer 27

The ineffective use of insulin leads to insulin resistance and or the body not producing enough insulin
Insulin secretion decreases with age reducing beta cells

Question 28

What oral drug is used to treated type 2 diabetes

Answer 28

Metformin
Reduces gluconeogenesis- production of glucose in the liver

Question 29

How do you treat a patient with hypoglycaemia

Answer 29

Conscious - Fast acting sugar
Glucose tablets, sugary drink or sweets
Unconsciousness - glucagon injection