Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology 1 > The Endocrine Pancreas > Flashcards

The Endocrine Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What does SGLT1 do?

A

Glucose absorption from gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What transporters are responsible for glucose reabsorption from the kidney?

A

SGLT1 and 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where are GLUT4 receptors found?

A

Muscle and adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which of the GLUT transporters are insulin dependant?

A

GLUT4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the affinity of a transporter relate to?

A

Rate at which glucose moves down the concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does a high/low transporter affinity mean?

A

Constant movement (high), changeable movement (low)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the islets of langerhans?

A

Clusters of endocrine cells surrounded by the exocrine pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do the alpha, beta and delta cells in the islets of langerhans secrete?

A 
Alpha = glucagon
Beta = insulin
Delta = somatostatin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is C peptide useful?

A

Metabolically inert so a good marker for if there’s insulin or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What vessels supply the pancreas?

A

Branches of the coeliac, superior mesenteric and splenic arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where do the pancreatic veins drain into?

A

Portal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What stimulates insulin secretion?

A

Plasma glucose, amino acids, glucagon, incretin hormones and PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What inhibits insulin secretion?

A

Somatostatin and alpha adrenergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What inhibits glucagon secretion?

A

Plasma glucose and somatostatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What stimulates glucagon secretion?

A

Amino acids, beta adrenergic and PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can ACh cause an increase in intracellular [calcium]?

A

Phospholipase C pathway -> increase in insulin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can adenylate cyclase increase insulin secretion?

A

cAMP -> PKA which increase the effect of calcium on the granule exocytosis

18
Q

What inhibits adenylate cyclase?

A

Adrenaline

19
Q

What type of receptors are glucagon and insulin?

A 
Glucagon = GPCR
Insulin = tyrosine kinase
20
Q

What happens when insulin binds to its receptor?

A
  • Translocation of GLUT4 transporter to plasma membrane -> influx of glucose
  • glycogen synthesis
  • glycolysis
  • fatty acid synthesis
  • metabolic enzyme activity modulation (gene transcription regulation)
21
Q

What is the insulin receptor made up of?

A

Tetrameric- 2 alpha subunits on surface and 2 beta which span the membrane and are bound to IRS proteins

22
Q

What does IRS stand for?

A

Insulin receptor substrate

23
Q

What is acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibited by?

A

PKA

24
Q

What are most glucagon actions mediated by?

A

Adenylate cyclase or production of cAMP -> pKa

25
Q

What are the [plasma glucose] cutoffs for diabetes?

A

Random plasma glucose >11.1mmol/L
Fasting plasma glucose >7mmol/L
Oral glucose tolerance test > 11.1 mmol/L

26
Q

How do you carry out the oral glucose tolerance test?

A

Give a person 75g glucose and measure blood every half an hour for 2 hours

27
Q

What is glycemic control?

A

Balancing hypoglycaemia with hyperglycaemia

28
Q

What are a good indication of glycemic control?

A

Glycosylated Hb control

29
Q

What microvascular complications are common in badly controlled diabetes mellitus?

A

Damage in capillary beds/ nerves (retinopathy or loss of feeling in legs)

30
Q

Why is glycaemic control hard in diabetes patients?

A
  • insulin is highest in pancreas and liver in normal people, but when you inject it its diluted by the time it gets to pancreas and liver
  • other modulating factors are lost by injecting insulin
31
Q

What is the incretin effect?

A

Increase insulin secretion in a person when glucose was administered orally vs IV

32
Q

Why is the incretin effect a thing?

A

When glucose is absorbed in the GIT incretin hormones are released

33
Q

What does incretin act to do?

A

Boost insulin secretion

34
Q

What are the two incretin hormones?

A

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and GIP

35
Q

What are the names of drugs used in the treatment of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

Metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, SGLT2 inhibitors, incretin target drugs

36
Q

What does metformin do?

A

Decreases gluconeogenesis

37
Q

What do sulfonylureas do?

A

Bind and close KATP channels, depolarise B cells, which releases insulin

38
Q

What do thiazolidinediones do?

A

Activate PPARgamma receptors which reduce insulin resistance (dont know how)

39
Q

How do SGLT2 inhibitors work?

A

Promote glucose excretion via kidney

40
Q

How do incretin targeting drugs work?

A

Potentiate insulin release in response to resting plasma glucose

Physiology 1 (65 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions