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Physiology 1 > Structure And Function Of The Renal Tubule > Flashcards

Structure And Function Of The Renal Tubule Flashcards

1
Q

How does the glomerular filtrate composition compare to the plasma?

A

Almost the same, but no cells and only a small amount of protein in the glomerular filtrate

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2
Q

What happens when you remove one component of the glomerular filtrate?

A

Concentrates the other components

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3
Q

What are people with familial renal glycosuria missing?

A

SGLUT2 symporter

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4
Q

What type of inhibitors are used for diabetes treatment?

A

SGLT2

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5
Q

What are the three techniques to investigate tubular function?

A

Clearance studies, micropuncture and isolated perfused tubule and electrophysiological analysis

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6
Q

What types of organisms are clearance studies done on?

A

Humans

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7
Q

What types of organisms are micropuncture and isolated perfused tubule and electrophysiological analysis done on?

A

Lab animals

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8
Q

What are the two types of electrophysiological analysis?

A

Potential measurement and patch clamping

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9
Q

What are the four steps in the micropuncture technique?

A

Puncture, inject vicious oil, inject fluid for study and leave to infuse, sample and analyse

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10
Q

Why do you inject a viscous oil in the micropuncture technique?

A

Stops any mixing of fluid between the stuff we want to study and any other fluid in the glomerulus already

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11
Q

How do you carry out an electrical potential measurement?

A

Use a micro electrode to measure the potential across a membrane (measure whether an ion is moving with or against the electrochemical gradient)

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12
Q

What are you measuring when taking a potential measurement?

A

measure whether an ion is moving with or against the electrochemical gradient

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13
Q

How do you do patch clamping?

A

Dock the pipette to the membrane (Doesn’t puncture the membrane)

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14
Q

What are you measuring with a patch clamp?

A

Current flow through individual ion channels and electrical resistance

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15
Q

What are the two types of nephron and their prevalence?

A

Juxta-medullary nephron- 15%

Cortical nephron - 85%

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16
Q

What is special about the juxta-medullary nephrons?

A

Long loop of Henle

Peritubular capillaries run around the loop of henle

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17
Q

What is a vasa recta?

A

Peritubular capillaries running around the loop of henle

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18
Q

What is the function of juxta-medullary nephrons?

A

Facilitate the uptake of water

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19
Q

What are the features of a cortical nephron?

A

Short loop of henle

Peritubular capillaries run around the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

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20
Q

What is the function of the cortical nephron?

A

Where most of the reabsorption and secretion takes place

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21
Q

What are special about kangaroo rats?

A

Super long loops of henle

  • barely drinks
  • most concentrated urine of any mammal
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22
Q

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Reabsorption of sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, potassium, water, glucose and amino acids
And secretion of organic acids and bases

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23
Q

What are the epithelial cell characteristics in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A
  • highly metabolic (lots of mitochondria)

- brush border on luminal side

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24
Q

What is reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule driven by?

A

ATP controlled sodium efflux into the blood stream - allows sodium from the lumen into epithelial cell

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25
Q

What % of glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

100

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26
Q

How is water reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Osmosis

27
Q

How is chloride taken up in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Symporters

28
Q

How are proteins taken up in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Pinocytosis

29
Q

What happens in Fanconi’s syndrome?

A

All the proximal convoluted tubules reabsorption mechanisms are defective

30
Q

What are the three segments of the loop of henle?

A

thin descending, thin ascending and thick ascending

31
Q

What are the structural features of the thin descending and ascending segments of the loop of henle?

A

Both have thin epithelial cells, no brush border, few mitochondria and low metabolic acitivity

32
Q

What are the thin descending and ascending segments of the loops of henle used for?

A

Reabsorption of water

33
Q

What are the structural features of the thick ascending segment of the loop of henle?

A

Thick epithelial cells, lots of intracellular folding, few microvilli, many mitochondria and a high metabolic activity

34
Q

What is the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle used for?

A

Reabsorption of ions and hydrogen ion secretion

35
Q

What are the functions of the loop of henle?

A

Concentrating/ diluting urine and adjusting rate of water secretion/ absorption

36
Q

How permeable is the thin descending limb of the loop of henle to water?

A

Very

37
Q

How permeable are the thin ascending and the thick ascending limbs of the loop of henle to water?

A

Virtually impermeable

38
Q

How is sodium moved from the thick ascending loop of henle into the peritubular capillary?

A

Sodium chloride potassium symporter from tubular lumen into the epithelial cell

Sodium potassium ATPase from epithelial cell into peritubular capillary

39
Q

What can the sodium chloride potassium symporter be inhibited by?

A

Loop diuretics

40
Q

What type of exchange system does the vasa recta act as?

A

Counter current

41
Q

What happens as the blood in the vasa recta descends into the medulla?

A

Water diffuses out of the blood and the salts diffuse in

42
Q

What happens as the blood in the vasa recta ascends from the medulla?

A

Water diffuses into the blood and salts diffuse out

43
Q

What % of blood flow is in the vasa recta?

A

5

44
Q

Why is the blood flow in the vasa recta so slow?

A

Minimises solute loss from interstitium and maintains medullary interstitial gradient

45
Q

What are the two parts of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Early and late

46
Q

Where is the macula densa found?

A

Early distal convoluted tubule- juxtaglomerular apparatus

47
Q

What is the function of the early distal convoluted tubule?

A

Provide feedback control of the glomerular filtration rate and tubular fluid flow in the same nephron

48
Q

What happens in the late distal convoluted tubule?

A

Solute reabsorption, high Na/K ATPase activity, acid base balance

49
Q

Which is the more convoluted part of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Late

50
Q

What does the collecting tubule do?

A

Connects end of distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct- mainly in the outer cortex

51
Q

What is the collecting duct made up of?

A

Cuboidal to columnar epithelia and very few mitochondria

52
Q

What are the two types of cells in the collecting duct?

A

Intercalated and principle cells

53
Q

What are the intercalated cells involved in?

A

Acidification of urine and acid base balance

54
Q

What are the principal cells involved in?

A

Sodium balance and ECF volume regulation

55
Q

What are the functions of the collecting duct?

A

Final site for processing urine

56
Q

What makes the collecting duct very permeable to water?

A

ADH

57
Q

What is ADH secretion triggered by?

A

Changes in the plasma osmolality

58
Q

How does ADH make collecting duct more permeable?

A

Binds to ADH receptor 2 which stimulates a signalling cascade involving inc cAMP and pKa which triggers the synthesis of aquaporin 2 and causing it to be transported to the plasma membrane

59
Q

How are urea levels monitored?

A

BUN test (blood, urea, nitrogen)

60
Q

What are the major factors contributing to a build up of solute concentration in renal medulla?

A
  • active transport of Na+ and cotransport of K+ and Cl- out of thick ascending limb
  • facilitated diffusion of large amounts of urea from collecting ducts
  • little diffusion of water
61
Q

How is hypertension related to kidney disease?

A

Kidneys regulate ECF volume and therefore influence blood pressure

62
Q

How is congestive heart failure related to kidney disease?

A

Fall in cardiac output -> renal hypoperfusion-> hypovolaemia resulting in pulmonary oedema

63
Q

How does diabetic nephropathy occur?

A

As a consequence of diabetes, filtering system of kidneys get destroyed over time

64
Q

How does lithium treatment result in acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

Reduction of AQP2 expression

Physiology 1 (65 decks)

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