Neuroendocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What are neuroendocrine cells?

A

Neurosecretory cells that release signal molecules from their synaptic terminals into the blood

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2
Q

What controls neuroendocrine cells?

A

Sympathetic transmission from presynaptic neurons

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3
Q

What are the steps in development of the pituitary gland?

A

Evagination of the floor of third ventricle

Evagination of the oral ectoderm

Rathkes pouch is pinched off
Merge

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4
Q

What is the neural ectoderm?

A

Evagination of the floor of the third ventricle

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5
Q

What is rathke’s pouch?

A

Evagination of oral ectoderm

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6
Q

What do parvocellular nuclei do?

A

Release hormones to the capillaries of median eminence

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7
Q

Where do the median eminence capillaries come from?

A

Superior hypophysial artery

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8
Q

Where do the capillaries of medial eminence lead to?

A

Portal veins to the anterior pituitary

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9
Q

What do hormones released from the parvocellular nuclei do?

A

Regulate endocrine secretion from the anterior pituitary

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10
Q

What do the magnocellular nuclei do?

A

Project to posterior pituitary and release hormones to the capillaries supplied by the inferior hypophysial artery

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11
Q

Where are the hormones stored in the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamic neuron terminals

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12
Q

When/ where are oxytocin and vasopressin released?

A

Under neural control into hypophysial capillaries -> inferior hypophysial vein

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13
Q

What increases growth hormone secretion?

A

GH releasing hormone

Ghrelin

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14
Q

Where is GH releasing hormone secreted?

A

Hypothalamic parvocellular neuroendocrine cells

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15
Q

What secretes ghrelin?

A

Endocrine cells of the stomach

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16
Q

What is the other function of ghrelin? (Ie not growth hormone stimulator)

A

Powerful appetite stimulator

17
Q

What is growth hormone secretion decreased by?

A

GH inhibiting hormone

18
Q

Where is GH inhibiting hormone secreted from?

A

Hypothalamic parvocellular neuroendocrine cells

19
Q

What is another term for GH inhibiting hormone?

A

Somatostatin

20
Q

What is the GH negative feedback controlled by?

A

GH already in circulation

IGF-1 in circulation (released by the liver in response to GH)

21
Q

What does IGF-1 inhibit?

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

22
Q

What does GH do in adipose tissue?

A

Increases lipolysis

23
Q

What does GH do in liver tissue?

A

Increases gluconeogenesis and IGFs

24
Q

What does GH do in muscle tissue?

A

Increases protein synthesis

25
What does IGF release lead to?
Increase in somatic cell growth, chondrocyte function and bone modelling/ remodelling
26
What does IGF stand for?
Insulin growth factor
27
What do GH levels look like throughout the day in young adults?
Small peaks in the day and a huge spike in the middle of the night
28
What happens to the GH levels throughout the day in older adults?
Same as young adults just smaller peaks
29
How does your mean circulating GH conc change throughout life?
Increases after birth, constant through childhood, peaks in puberty and then slowly decreases as you age
30
What is is called when you have an excess of GH?
Acromegaly
31
What is acromegaly generally caused by?
Pituitary adenoma
32
What are the metabolic consequences of acromegaly?
Excess GH -> insulin resistance Impaired glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinaemia Possibly also dyslipidaemia