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Physiology 1 > Overview Of Endocrinology > Flashcards

Overview Of Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major endocrine glands?

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Gonads
Pancreas
Parathyroid glands
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2
Q

What type of hormones does the hypothalamus produce?

A

Releasing and inhibiting hormones

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3
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior and posterior

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4
Q

What hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produce?

A

Trophic hormones

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5
Q

What hormones does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland produce?

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin

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6
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine

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7
Q

What are the two lobes of the adrenal gland?

A

Cortex and medulla

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8
Q

What hormones does the cortex of the adrenal gland produce?

A

Cortisol, aldosterone

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9
Q

What hormones does the medulla of the adrenal gland produce?

A

Adrenaline/ noradrenaline

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10
Q

What hormones do the gonads produce?

A

Oestrogen, androgens, protestagens

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11
Q

What hormones does the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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12
Q

What hormones do the parathyroid glands produce?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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13
Q

What does endocrine mean?

A

Hormones released by an endocrine cell into general circulation and acting on distant target sites

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14
Q

What does intracrine mean?

A

Conversion of an inactive hormone to an active hormone that acts within the cell

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15
Q

What are the three groups of functions of hormones?

A
  • Reproduction, growth and development
  • maintenance of internal environment
  • energy production, utilisation and storage
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16
Q

What hormones are in the reproduction, growth and development group?

A

Sex steroids, thyroid hormone, prolactin and growth hormone

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17
Q

What hormones are in the maintenance of internal environment group?

A

Aldosterone, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D

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18
Q

What hormones are in the energy production, utilisation and storage group?

A

Insulin, glucagon, thyroid hormones, cortisol and growth hormones

19
Q

Where are steroid hormones all derived from?

A

Cholesterol

20
Q

What are the four chemical groups of hormones?

A

Protein/ peptide hormones, steroid hormones, amino acid derivatives, fatty acid derivatives

21
Q

What hormones are in the protein/ peptide group?

A

Hypothalamic, pituitary, insulin, calcitonin

22
Q

What hormones are in the steroid group?

A

Cortisol, aldosterone, oestrogens, androgens, progestagens, vitamin D

23
Q

What hormones are in the amino acid derivative group?

A

Melatonin (tryptophan), adrenaline, noradrenaline and thyroid (tyrosine)

24
Q

What hormones are in the fatty acid derivatives group?

A

Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclin

25
Q

What do all protein hormones start as?

A

Longer chain prohormones that are then cleaved down

26
Q

What is the half life of protein and peptide hormones in circulation?

A

Minutes

27
Q

How are protein and peptide hormones transported?

A

Mainly unbound

28
Q

What is the half-life of tyrosine derivative hormones in circulation?

A

Seconds

29
Q

What is the half-life of thyroid derivative hormones in circulation?

A

Hours

30
Q

How are thyroid hormones transported?

A

bound to plasma proteins

31
Q

How are steroid hormones transported?

A

Bound to plasma protiens

32
Q

What is steroid hormones half life in circulation?

A

Hours - days

33
Q

What do magnocellular neurones do in the hypothalamus?

A

Synthesise and release posterior pituitary hormones

34
Q

What do other neurosecretory cells (not magnocellular) do in the hypothalamus?

A

Release their hormones into the portal capillaries, and are transported directly to the endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary gland

35
Q

What effect does CRH release in the hypothalamus have on the anterior pituitary?

A

Increase in ACTH

36
Q

What effect does TRH release in the hypothalamus have on the anterior pituitary?

A

Increase TSH

37
Q

What effect does GHIH release in the hypothalamus have on the anterior pituitary?

A

Decrease TSH and GH

38
Q

What effect does GnRH release in the hypothalamus have on the anterior pituitary?

A

Increase LH and FSH

39
Q

What effect does dopamine release in the hypothalamus have on the anterior pituitary?

A

Decrease in PRL

40
Q

What effect does GHRH release in the hypothalamus have on the anterior pituitary?

A

Increase GH

41
Q

What are the four types of hormone disorders?

A
  • excess or deficiency
  • impaired synthesis
  • transport and metabolism of hormones
  • resistance to hormone action
42
Q

What does a complete resistance to circulatory androgens lead to?

A

Testicular feminisation

43
Q

What does vitamin D resistance lead to?

A

Rickets

Physiology 1 (65 decks)

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