Overview Of Endocrinology Flashcards
What are the major endocrine glands?
Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Adrenal gland Gonads Pancreas Parathyroid glands
What type of hormones does the hypothalamus produce?
Releasing and inhibiting hormones
What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?
Anterior and posterior
What hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produce?
Trophic hormones
What hormones does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland produce?
Oxytocin and vasopressin
What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?
Thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine
What are the two lobes of the adrenal gland?
Cortex and medulla
What hormones does the cortex of the adrenal gland produce?
Cortisol, aldosterone
What hormones does the medulla of the adrenal gland produce?
Adrenaline/ noradrenaline
What hormones do the gonads produce?
Oestrogen, androgens, protestagens
What hormones does the pancreas produce?
Insulin and glucagon
What hormones do the parathyroid glands produce?
Parathyroid hormone
What does endocrine mean?
Hormones released by an endocrine cell into general circulation and acting on distant target sites
What does intracrine mean?
Conversion of an inactive hormone to an active hormone that acts within the cell
What are the three groups of functions of hormones?
- Reproduction, growth and development
- maintenance of internal environment
- energy production, utilisation and storage
What hormones are in the reproduction, growth and development group?
Sex steroids, thyroid hormone, prolactin and growth hormone
What hormones are in the maintenance of internal environment group?
Aldosterone, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D
What hormones are in the energy production, utilisation and storage group?
Insulin, glucagon, thyroid hormones, cortisol and growth hormones
Where are steroid hormones all derived from?
Cholesterol
What are the four chemical groups of hormones?
Protein/ peptide hormones, steroid hormones, amino acid derivatives, fatty acid derivatives
What hormones are in the protein/ peptide group?
Hypothalamic, pituitary, insulin, calcitonin
What hormones are in the steroid group?
Cortisol, aldosterone, oestrogens, androgens, progestagens, vitamin D
What hormones are in the amino acid derivative group?
Melatonin (tryptophan), adrenaline, noradrenaline and thyroid (tyrosine)
What hormones are in the fatty acid derivatives group?
Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclin
What do all protein hormones start as?
Longer chain prohormones that are then cleaved down
What is the half life of protein and peptide hormones in circulation?
Minutes
How are protein and peptide hormones transported?
Mainly unbound
What is the half-life of tyrosine derivative hormones in circulation?
Seconds
What is the half-life of thyroid derivative hormones in circulation?
Hours
How are thyroid hormones transported?
bound to plasma proteins
How are steroid hormones transported?
Bound to plasma protiens
What is steroid hormones half life in circulation?
Hours - days
What do magnocellular neurones do in the hypothalamus?
Synthesise and release posterior pituitary hormones
What do other neurosecretory cells (not magnocellular) do in the hypothalamus?
Release their hormones into the portal capillaries, and are transported directly to the endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary gland
What effect does CRH release in the hypothalamus have on the anterior pituitary?
Increase in ACTH
What effect does TRH release in the hypothalamus have on the anterior pituitary?
Increase TSH
What effect does GHIH release in the hypothalamus have on the anterior pituitary?
Decrease TSH and GH
What effect does GnRH release in the hypothalamus have on the anterior pituitary?
Increase LH and FSH
What effect does dopamine release in the hypothalamus have on the anterior pituitary?
Decrease in PRL
What effect does GHRH release in the hypothalamus have on the anterior pituitary?
Increase GH
What are the four types of hormone disorders?
- excess or deficiency
- impaired synthesis
- transport and metabolism of hormones
- resistance to hormone action
What does a complete resistance to circulatory androgens lead to?
Testicular feminisation
What does vitamin D resistance lead to?
Rickets