Overview Of Endocrinology

Question 1

What are the major endocrine glands?

Answer 1

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Gonads
Pancreas
Parathyroid glands

Question 2

What type of hormones does the hypothalamus produce?

Answer 2

Releasing and inhibiting hormones

Question 3

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

Answer 3

Anterior and posterior

Question 4

What hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produce?

Answer 4

Trophic hormones

Question 5

What hormones does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland produce?

Answer 5

Oxytocin and vasopressin

Question 6

What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

Answer 6

Thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine

Question 7

What are the two lobes of the adrenal gland?

Answer 7

Cortex and medulla

Question 8

What hormones does the cortex of the adrenal gland produce?

Answer 8

Cortisol, aldosterone

Question 9

What hormones does the medulla of the adrenal gland produce?

Answer 9

Adrenaline/ noradrenaline

Question 10

What hormones do the gonads produce?

Answer 10

Oestrogen, androgens, protestagens

Question 11

What hormones does the pancreas produce?

Answer 11

Insulin and glucagon

Question 12

What hormones do the parathyroid glands produce?

Answer 12

Parathyroid hormone

Question 13

What does endocrine mean?

Answer 13

Hormones released by an endocrine cell into general circulation and acting on distant target sites

Question 14

What does intracrine mean?

Answer 14

Conversion of an inactive hormone to an active hormone that acts within the cell

Question 15

What are the three groups of functions of hormones?

Answer 15

• Reproduction, growth and development
• maintenance of internal environment
• energy production, utilisation and storage

Question 16

What hormones are in the reproduction, growth and development group?

Answer 16

Sex steroids, thyroid hormone, prolactin and growth hormone

Question 17

What hormones are in the maintenance of internal environment group?

Answer 17

Aldosterone, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D

Question 18

What hormones are in the energy production, utilisation and storage group?

Answer 18

Insulin, glucagon, thyroid hormones, cortisol and growth hormones

Question 19

Where are steroid hormones all derived from?

Answer 19

Cholesterol

Question 20

What are the four chemical groups of hormones?

Answer 20

Protein/ peptide hormones, steroid hormones, amino acid derivatives, fatty acid derivatives

Question 21

What hormones are in the protein/ peptide group?

Answer 21

Hypothalamic, pituitary, insulin, calcitonin

Question 22

What hormones are in the steroid group?

Answer 22

Cortisol, aldosterone, oestrogens, androgens, progestagens, vitamin D

Question 23

What hormones are in the amino acid derivative group?

Answer 23

Melatonin (tryptophan), adrenaline, noradrenaline and thyroid (tyrosine)

Question 24

What hormones are in the fatty acid derivatives group?

Answer 24

Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclin

Question 25

What do all protein hormones start as?

Answer 25

Longer chain prohormones that are then cleaved down

Question 26

What is the half life of protein and peptide hormones in circulation?

Answer 26

Minutes

Question 27

How are protein and peptide hormones transported?

Answer 27

Mainly unbound

Question 28

What is the half-life of tyrosine derivative hormones in circulation?

Answer 28

Seconds

Question 29

What is the half-life of thyroid derivative hormones in circulation?

Answer 29

Hours

Question 30

How are thyroid hormones transported?

Answer 30

bound to plasma proteins

Question 31

How are steroid hormones transported?

Answer 31

Bound to plasma protiens

Question 32

What is steroid hormones half life in circulation?

Answer 32

Hours - days

Question 33

What do magnocellular neurones do in the hypothalamus?

Answer 33

Synthesise and release posterior pituitary hormones

Question 34

What do other neurosecretory cells (not magnocellular) do in the hypothalamus?

Answer 34

Release their hormones into the portal capillaries, and are transported directly to the endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary gland

Question 35

What effect does CRH release in the hypothalamus have on the anterior pituitary?

Answer 35

Increase in ACTH

Question 36

What effect does TRH release in the hypothalamus have on the anterior pituitary?

Answer 36

Increase TSH

Question 37

What effect does GHIH release in the hypothalamus have on the anterior pituitary?

Answer 37

Decrease TSH and GH

Question 38

What effect does GnRH release in the hypothalamus have on the anterior pituitary?

Answer 38

Increase LH and FSH

Question 39

What effect does dopamine release in the hypothalamus have on the anterior pituitary?

Answer 39

Decrease in PRL

Question 40

What effect does GHRH release in the hypothalamus have on the anterior pituitary?

Answer 40

Increase GH

Question 41

What are the four types of hormone disorders?

Answer 41

- excess or deficiency - impaired synthesis - transport and metabolism of hormones - resistance to hormone action

Question 42

What does a complete resistance to circulatory androgens lead to?

Answer 42

Testicular feminisation

Question 43

What does vitamin D resistance lead to?

Answer 43

Rickets