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Physiology 1 > Development Of The GI Tract > Flashcards

Development Of The GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

When does the GI tract develop in vivo?

A

3-12 weeks

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2
Q

When are the primary germ layers formed?

A

Gastrulation

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3
Q

What is the embryo made of at the beginning of the third week?

A

Epiblasts and hypoblasts

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4
Q

What are the steps in gastrulation?

A
  • epiblast cells in the midline begin to ingress, starting from the caudal end
  • ingressing cells differentiate into the mesoderm
  • epiblast gives rise to the ectoderm
  • hypoblast and epiblast gives rise to the endoderm
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5
Q

What are the ingressing epiblast cells visible as?

A

The primitive streak

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6
Q

What types of cells do the ingressing cells differentiate into?

A

Surrounding muscles, connective tissue, mesenteries and blood vessels

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7
Q

What does the epiblast form?

A

Innervation of the gut (enteric nervous system)

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8
Q

What does the hypoblast form?

A

Epithelium of the gut tubes and glands

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9
Q

How many primary layers does gastrulation generate?

A

3

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10
Q

How is the gut tube formed initially?

A

Folding of sheets of cells in two directions

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11
Q

What are the two directions that the sheets of cells are folding in?

A

Along the midline (cranial-caudal axis)

Towards the yolk sac at the cranial and caudal ends

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12
Q

What part of the nervous system is important in gut motility?

A

Splanchnic nervous system

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13
Q

What does Vitelline mean?

A

Relating to, or associated with the yolk of an egg

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14
Q

How many arterial branches are there to the thoracic oesophagus?

A

5

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15
Q

Where does the sympathetic ganglia develop next to?

A

Major branches of the aorta

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16
Q

What nerve innervates the foregut?

A

Coeliac ganglion

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17
Q

What nerve innervates the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric ganglion

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18
Q

What nerve innervates the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric ganglion

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19
Q

How does the stomach arise?

A

Expansion and rotation

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20
Q

When does stomach development start?

A

Week 4

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21
Q

What happens to the stomach in week 4?

A

Tube dilates forming an enlarged lumen

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22
Q

What are the steps in stomach development?

A

90 deg turn about the cranial caudal axis -> dorsal border grows more rapidly than the ventral

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23
Q

What fixes the mature gut in place?

A

Fusion of the mesenteries with the posterior abdominal wall

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24
Q

How is the lesser sac formed?

A

As the stomach rotates, the dorsal mesogastrium is drawn with it and encloses a space (the lesser sac)

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25
Q

What is a pyloric stenosis?

A

Gastric outlet obstruction caused by smooth muscle hypertrophy

26
Q

What are the symptoms of pyloric stenosis?

A

Projectile vomiting shortly after feeding

27
Q

What is the inducing signal for the formation of the liver?

A

Heart to ventral gut endoderm

28
Q

How does liver formation start?

A

Hepatic diverticulum grows into the mesenchyme of septum transversum

29
Q

What happens when the liver exceeds the size of the septum transversum?

A

Expands into the ventral mesentery

30
Q

What does the remaining ventral mesentery give rise to?

A

The falciform ligament between the liver and body wall

Lesser omentum between liver and stomach

31
Q

Where does pancreas formation originate from?

A

2 pancreas buds

32
Q

What are the two pancreas buds called and where are they found?

A

Dorsal from the duodenal endoderm

Ventral from the hepatic diverticulum

33
Q

What is the dorsal pancreatic bud induced by?

A

Notochord

34
Q

What is the ventral pancreatic bud induced by?

A

Hepatic mesoderm

35
Q

What happens to the two pancreas buds as the duodenum rotates?

A

Ventral and dorsal buds meet and fuse

36
Q

What does bifid mean?

A

Bi-lobed

37
Q

What happens if the ventral bud is bifid and one rotates anteriorly?

A

An annular pancreas forms, which can obstruct the duodenum

38
Q

What mesentery is attached to the intestine?

A

Dorsal mesentery

39
Q

What causes the folding of the gut?

A

The gut grows faster than the mesentery

40
Q

What are the first 3 steps in intestine development?

A
  • Intestines rotate around the superior mesenteric artery
  • herniate into umbilical stalk at 6/7 weeks
  • intestines return to body at 10 weeks?
41
Q

Why do the intestines herniate into the umbilical stalk?

A

Abdomen is too small to accommodate

42
Q

What is an umbilical hernia?

A

When the rectus abdominis (muscle) fails to fuse around the umbilicus after the intestines have retuned to the abdomen. Skin forms over the top

43
Q

What is omphalocele?

A

Failure of intestinal loops to return into abdomen - hernia covered in amnion

44
Q

What is the cause of omphalocele?

A

Unknown, but related to maternal obesity, alcohol/tobacco, antidepressant use

45
Q

What is gastrochisis?

A

Failure of the ventral body wall to fuse (no covering on the GI tract)

46
Q

What is gastroschisis associated with?

A

Young maternal age, low maternal BMI and recreational drug use

47
Q

If the yolk duct persists, where is it attached?

A

Ileum, near the ileocecal junction- apex of midgut loop (2ft from ileocecal junction)

48
Q

What are the symptoms of meckels diverticulum?

A

Usually asymptomatic- can get inflamed (indistinguishable from acute appendicitis)

49
Q

What is meckels diverticulum?

A

Persistence of the yolk duct

50
Q

What happens if the meckels diverticulum contains ectopic gastric cells?

A

Ulceration and lower GI bleeding

51
Q

What happens if the meckels diverticulum is connected to the umbilicus by a ligament?

A
  • gut rotation can cause a volvulus

- umbilical fistula

52
Q

What is a volvulus?

A

Strangulation- like a ballooning effect

53
Q

What’s an umbilical fistula?

A

Connection from one epithelial surface to another- means the contents can leak out

54
Q

What are the symptoms of Hirschsprung’s disease?

A

Dilation of sections of the the colon, with lack of tone and peristalsis

55
Q

What is hirschprungs disease caused by?

A

Lack of neural crest cells

56
Q

What are neural crest cells?

A

Move through the embryo to give rise to the enteric ganglia

57
Q

Where do the occipitocervical (vagal) region populate?

A

Whole gut

58
Q

Where do neural crest cells from the sacral region populate?

A

Distal gut

59
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

Transient common end of the digestive and urogenital systems including the base of the urogenital sinus

60
Q

What is the cloaca split by (and when in development)?

A

Urorectal septum at 7-8 weeks

Physiology 1 (65 decks)

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