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Physiology 1 > Intro To Microbiology Of The Gut > Flashcards

Intro To Microbiology Of The Gut Flashcards

1
Q

What is the microbiome?

A

Collection of bacteria, archea, fungi, Protozoa and viruses that colonise our body surface and their respective genomes and metabolic activities

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2
Q

What are the main bacterial phyla in the gut?

A

Firmicutes, bacteroidetes, actinobacteria and proteobacteria

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3
Q

What is the ratio of human cells: bacterial cells in the body?

A

1:1

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4
Q

What is a resident flora?

A

Your flora thats with you for life

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5
Q

What is the difference between transient and resident flora?

A

Transient flora can be temporarily reduced, carried or changed, whereas resident is with your for life

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6
Q

Why do babies faeces change?

A

As the baby acquires a microbial flora

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7
Q

What are the stages in baby faecal transitions?

A

Sterile muconium -> facultative anaerobes -> bifidobacteria -> bacteriodes, clostridia and tobactera -> adult like gut microbiome

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8
Q

What benefit are bifidobacteria to a baby’s gut?

A

Produce lactose, prevent the growth of gran negative bacteria and metabolise breast milk sugars

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9
Q

What microorganisms can survive the stomach acid?

A

Lactobacilli and H. Pylori

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10
Q

What microorganisms are found in the duodenum?

A

Lactobactilli and streptococcus

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11
Q

What microorganisms are in the jejunum -> ileum?

A

Enterobacteria (Ecoli, klebsiella and bacterioles species)

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12
Q

What microorganisms would you find in the colon?

A

Obligate anaerobes (Bacteriodes, clostridia and bifidobacteria) and facultative anaerobes (enterobacteria)

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13
Q

What is the difference between obligate and facultative bacteria?

A

Obligate have to be anaerobic and facultative can be aerobic or anaerobic

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14
Q

What are some other bacteria you could find in the colon?

A

Enterococci, staphylococci and lactobacilli

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15
Q

How can you tell if someone has an illness by looking at their gut flora?

A

They have wildly different and varying bacteria

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16
Q

What is dysbiosis?

A

Disruption of the normal flora (generalised diversity and species differences)

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17
Q

What diseases correlate with dysbiosis (there are a lot!)?

A
  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • ulcerative colitis
  • crohns
  • irritable bowel syndrome
  • colon cancer
  • allergies
  • celiac
  • both types of diabetes
  • obesity
  • mental health and depression
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18
Q

What are the two ways of studying the microbiome?

A

Culturomics and genomics

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19
Q

What are the two types of genomics?

A

16S rRNA gene profiling and shotgun metagenomics

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20
Q

What are the aims of 16S rRNA gene profiling?

A

Identify taxonomic distribution of microbial species

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21
Q

What is the basis of 16S rRNA gene profiling?

A

PCR based

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22
Q

What are the aims of shotgun metagenomics?

A

Define the functional and sequence based diversity contained in all microbial genomes of communities

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23
Q

What are the four types of host defences in the GIT?

A

Structural, mechanical, biochemical, immunological

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24
Q

What are the structural defences in the GIT?

A

Seamless epithelium, tight junctions, sloughing/ turnover of epithelial cells

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25
Q

What are the mechanical host defences in the GIT?

A

Peristalsis, chewing and fluid movement

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26
Q

What are the biochemical host defences in the GIT?

A

Gastric acid, bile, mucus

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27
Q

What are the immunological host defences in the GIT?

A

Secretory IgA and intra-epithelial lymphocytes

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28
Q

What types of problems can you have to the host defences in the GIT?

A

Damage of barriers, pH change, overgrowth of organs and AIDS

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29
Q

What are the four benefits of the gut flora?

A
  • colonisation resistance
  • metabolites of benefit to host
  • Normal development of immunity
  • aids digestion
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30
Q

What types of metabolites are of benefit to the host?

A
  • Vit K2, B12 and organic acids
  • enhanced utilisation of amino acids
  • produces butyrate for colonocytes which maintain the anerobiasis
31
Q

How does the gut flora help the normal development of immunity?

A

Tolerance and antigenic stimulation (Tregs, IL17)

32
Q

How does the gut flora aid digestion?

A
  • Fermentation of sugars (10% of energy)
  • H2 or methane gas
  • regulation of fat storage
33
Q

What are probiotics?

A

Organisms that can produce certain metabolites (lactic acid and other organic acids)

34
Q

What do probiotics do for us?

A

Allow us to absorb energy that we wouldn’t otherwise be able to

35
Q

How do probiotics allow us to absorb more energy?

A

Increasing the diversity of polysaccharides for metabolism

36
Q

What are prebiotics?

A

Nutrients that alter the gut ecosystem

37
Q

Give an example of a prebiotic

A

Bifidus factor in breast milk

38
Q

What are fermented in the colon by prebiotic organisms?

A

Certain oligosaccharides

39
Q

What do prebiotics do?

A

Promote growth of probiotes

40
Q

What are probiotics used for in medicine? (There’s a lot!)

A 
Control diarrhoea in infants
Relive constipation
Improve digestion of lactose
Restore normal gut flora
Control candida growth 
Improve immune system
Treat inflammatory bowel disorders
reduce incidence of colon cancer
Reduce cholesterol in blood
Increase mineral absorption
41
Q

What is microbial antagonism?

A

When the normal flora limits the growth of competitors and pathogens

42
Q

What can happen if you loose a pathogen in the gut flora?

A

Bacterial or pathogenic overgrowth -> decreased diversity

43
Q

How long does it take for the gut flora to return to normal?

A

4 weeks

44
Q

What is a synonym for antibiotic associated colitis?

A

Pseudomembranous colitis

45
Q

What happens if there’s an overgrowth of clostridium difficile?

A

Cytotoxins, ulceration, severe diarrhoea, hospital cross infection risk

46
Q

What do you treat pseudomembranous colitis with?

A

Antibiotics

47
Q

What is your microbiome influenced by?

A

Diet, antibiotics, surgery and genes

48
Q

What does your microbiome contribute to?

A

Host metabolism and energy homeostasis

49
Q

What are the symptoms of gastroenteritis?

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal discomfort

50
Q

What is dysentery?

A

Inflammatory GIT disorder- usually of the large intestine

51
Q

What is dysentery often associated with?

A

Blood and pus

52
Q

What are the symptoms of dysentery?

A

Pain, fever and abdominal cramps

53
Q

What is enterocolitis?

A

Inflammation involving the mucosa of the small and large intestine

54
Q

What microorganism is dysphagia caused by?

A

Candida

55
Q

What is dyspepsia caused by?

A

H. pylori

56
Q

What is infective proctitis caused by?

A

Ano-rectal STIs

57
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

Intra-abdominal abscess

58
Q

Give two examples of disease where there is local inflammation in response to superficial microbial invasion

A

Dysentery and food poisoning

59
Q

What is an enteric fever?

A

Deep invasion to blood and other lymphomas and dissemination of the organism to other body sites

60
Q

Give two examples of enteric fevers

A

Typhoid fever and Hep A

61
Q

What causes peritonitis?

A

Perforation/ulceration of mucosal epithelium

62
Q

How do exotoxins cause their effects?

A

Affect fluid/ electrolyte transport by increasing or decreasing cAMP

63
Q

How do cytotoxins cause their effect?

A

Stimulate second messengers to cause epithelial cells to secrete lots of water and chloride and stopping their reabsorption

64
Q

How do enteropathogens cause diarrhoea?

A

Sticks to the epithelial brush border forming an attaching and effacing lesion

65
Q

What are the four mechanisms of diarrhoea?

A

Bacterial toxins, adherence, penetration and invasion

66
Q

What toxins does entero-toxigenic E-coli produce?

A

LT, ST cGMP at membrane

67
Q

What are the virulence factors for E.coli?

A

Toxins, adhesions and invasins

68
Q

What does entero-toxigenic E.coli cause?

A

Travellers diarrhoea- secretory

69
Q

What mechanism does enteropathogenic E.coli use?

A

Attaching and effacing lesion

70
Q

What does entero-invasive E.coli cause?

A

Dysentery

71
Q

What mechanism of action does entero-haemorrhagic E.coli use?

A

Attaching/ effacing lesions

72
Q

What does entero-haemorrhagic E.coli cause?

A

Verotoxin, intense inflammation and HUS dysentery

73
Q

What are the steps in viral gastroenteritis?

A

Virus invasion -> cell death and villous atrophy -> crypt hyperplasia -> enteroblast replacement -> recovery

Physiology 1 (65 decks)

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