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Physiology 1 > Consequences Of Fluid Loss From The GI Tract > Flashcards

Consequences Of Fluid Loss From The GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

How can water be lost from the body?

A

Defecation, vomiting, urination, ventilation, sweating, mensturation

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2
Q

How can you gain water?

A

Drinking

Metabolic water

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3
Q

What is the definition of diarrhoea?

A

Increased frequency (>3 unformed stools in 24 hours) of increased volume and fluidity of faeces

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4
Q

What does diarrhoea occur as a result of?

A

Failure of water absorption, increased secretion of water or both

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5
Q

What causes osmotic diarrhoea?

A

Decreased absorption of electrolytes and nutrients

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6
Q

What is the treatment of osmotic diarrhoea?

A

Electrolytes and water

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of disaccharidase deficiency?

A

Bloating, nausea and watery diarrhoea

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8
Q

What is the treatment for disaccharidase deficiency diarrhoea?

A

Glucose

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9
Q

What is disaccharidase deficiency diarrhoea caused by?

A

Drug induced malabsorption of galactose

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10
Q

What is deranged motility diarrhoea?

A

Increased rate or flow of intestinal contents

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11
Q

What does increased rate or flow of intestinal contents cause?

A

Lack of absorption

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12
Q

What causes secretory diarrhoea?

A

Abnormal increase in secretions of GIT

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13
Q

How does secretory diarrhoea work?

A

ACh, substance P, 5-HT and neurotensin act via increased calcium ion concentration to increase rate of intestinal secretion

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14
Q

What is secretory diarrhoea caused by?

A

excessive laxative use, defects in digestion and absorption and infections

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15
Q

How do infections cause secretory diarrhoea?

A

Enterotoxin stimulates adenylate cyclase -> increased cAMP -> sodium and chloride ions and water loss

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16
Q

What are the treatments for secretory diarrhoea?

A

Water, electrolytes and glucose

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17
Q

What two parasites can cause diarrhoea?

A

Entamoeba histolytica and giardia

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18
Q

What does enterotoxin stimulate?

A

Adenylate cyclase -> inc cAMP -> sodium and chloride ions and water loss

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of amoebic dysentery?

A

Gradual onset anorexia/ headache

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20
Q

What do you treat entamoeba histolytica with?

A

Metronidazole

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of giardia?

A

Steatorrhoea and abdominal pain

22
Q

What does the giardia parasite cause?

A

Maldigestion and malabsorption of lipids, CHOs, vit A, B12 and folic acid

23
Q

What do you treat giardia caused diarrhoea with?

A

Metronidazole or tinidazole

24
Q

What is dysentery?

A

Painful, bloody, low volume diarrhoea

25
Q

What are the causes of bloody diarrhoea?

A

Chronic disease
Ulcerative colitis
Neoplasm

26
Q

What are the major consequences of severe diarrhoea?

A

Decreased blood volume, metabolic acidosis / alkalosis

27
Q

What are the consequences of excessive vomiting?

A

Increased salt and water loss, severe dehydration, circulatory problems, metabolic alkalosis, death

28
Q

Why does excessive vomiting cause metabolic alkalosis?

A

Loss of gastric acid

29
Q

What is lost in vomit?

A

Food, mucus with Na+ K+ Cl- and HCO3-, gastric acid, upper intestinal contents (inc bile), blood

30
Q

What are the consequences of fluid loss from the GI tract?

A

Hypovolaemia, Haemoconcentration, dehydration, ionic imbalances and poor perfusion of tissues

31
Q

What are the consequences of hypovolaemia?

A

Decreased venous return, arterial hypotension, myocardial dysfunction due to increased myocardial O2 demand

32
Q

What does increased anaerobic metabolism lead to?

A

Acidosis

33
Q

What does acidosis and myocardial dysfunction lead to?

A

Multi-organ failure

34
Q

What are the physiological responses to diarrhoea?

A

Decreased plasma volume -> decreased venous pressure -> increased renal sympathetic nerve activity

35
Q

What happens as a cause of the increased activity of renal sympathetic nerves?

A

Constriction of renal arterioles-> net glomerular filtration pressure -> decreased GFR -> decreased sodium and water secretion

36
Q

What does severe sweating lead to?

A

Loss of hyperosmotic salt solution-> decreased plasma volume or increased plasma osmolarity

37
Q

What does increased plasma osmolarity lead to?

A

Increased vasopressin -> decreased water excretion

38
Q

What does decreased plasma volume lead to?

A

Either decreased GFR or increased aldosterone -> decreased sodium excretion

39
Q

What are the steps in the RAAS cascade?

A

Dec plasma volume -> arterial pressure -> inc renin secretion -> inc plasma renin -> inc plasma angiotensin II -> inc aldosterone secretion

40
Q

What 3 things lead to thirst?

A

Decreased plasma volume, increased plasma osmolarity, dry mouth or throat

41
Q

What receptors does decreased plasma volume stimulate?

A

Baroreceptors

42
Q

What receptors do increased plasma osmolarity stimulate?

A

Osmoreceptors

43
Q

What regulates water loss?

A

Vasopressin (AKA ADH)

44
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Stimulates thirst mechanism and activates the V2 receptor on the renal collecting ducts

45
Q

What does the V2 receptor on renal collecting ducts do?

A

Inserts aquaporin-2 in the kidney collecting duct, which increases the water permeability of collecting ducts

46
Q

What are the consequences of dehydration?

A

Nausea, headache, irrationality, cramps, temperature, dizziness

47
Q

What are the effects of dehydration?

A

Imbalance of bloodstream electrolytes (decrease NaCl and potassium, increased calcium)

48
Q

What is hypercalcaemia?

A

Increased calcium concentration

49
Q

What does hypercalcaemia increase the risk of?

A

Kidney stones, kidney failure and arrhythmia

50
Q

What are the symptoms of hypercalcaemia?

A

Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, constipation, abdominal pain, excessive thirst, fatigue, lethargy, joint pain, confusion

Physiology 1 (65 decks)

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