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Physiology 1 > An Intro To Kidney And Body Fluids > Flashcards

An Intro To Kidney And Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

What do osmolarity and osmolality refer to?

A

The total concentration of osmotically active particles in solution

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2
Q

What is the difference between osmolarity and osmolality?

A

Osmolarity is the measure of solute concentration per unit volume of solution and osmolality is per unit mass of the solvent

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3
Q

What % of water are males?

A

60%

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4
Q

What % of water are females?

A

50%

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5
Q

What are the two main fluid compartments?

A

Intracellular and extracellular fluids

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6
Q

What proportions are the body’s fluids stored in?

A

2/3 intracellular and 1/3 extracellular

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7
Q

What must the Intracellular fluid and Extracellular fluid be in?

A

Osmotic equilibrium

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8
Q

What happens if the solute concentration changes in either the intracellular or extracellular fluid compartments?

A

Generate an osmotic gradient, resulting in shifts of water between compartments

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9
Q

What is regulated in the extracellular fluid compartment?

A

Osmolarity

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10
Q

Why is osmolarity regulated in the ECF?

A

To avoid osmotic shifts of water between the ICF and ECF volumes

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11
Q

What is the normal range of osmolarity?

A

280-300 mosm/L

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12
Q

Why must large shifts in osmolarity be avoided?

A

Prevent changes in cell volume

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13
Q

What are the main serious complications of a large shift in osmolarity?

A

Demyelination, decrease in cell volume -> blood vessels bursting

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14
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

Physiological process that maintains constant ECF osmolarity

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15
Q

What is the ECF compartment subdivided into (and in what proportions)?

A

Interstitial (extravascular) compartment (75%)

Plasma (vascular) compartment (25%)

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16
Q

What does maintaining salt and water balance require?

A

Integration of osmoregulation and volume regulation

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17
Q

How does osmoregulation control salt concentration?

A

Adjusts the amount of pure water in the body

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18
Q

What does volume regulation do?

A

Controls the amount of salt and water in the ECF and therefore ECF volume

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19
Q

Which organ is central to both osmoregulation and volume regulation?

A

Kidney

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20
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

Homeostasis

21
Q

What are the other functions (not homeostasis) of the kidneys?

A
  • osmoregulation
  • volume regulation
  • Acid-base balance
  • regulation of electrolyte balance
  • removal of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals in the blood
  • regulation of RBC production
22
Q

What are the four basic processes of renal function?

A

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion and excretion of water and solutes in the urine

23
Q

What drives water and solutes across the capillary membrane in glomerular filtration?

A

Balance of starling forces

24
Q

What causes plasma ultrafiltration in the bowmans capsule?

A

The inability of large proteins and cells to pass through the capillary membrane so creating an osmotic force

25
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

A

The amount of filtrate produced by kidneys each minute

26
Q

What is the average glomerular function rate?

A

125mL/min

27
Q

What can glomerular filtration rate be used for?

A

As an indicator for renal function?

28
Q

How much of the salt and water is reabsorbed from the proximal tubule?

A

70%

29
Q

What is tubular secretion important in?

A

Eliminating toxins and metabolic byproducts and potassium and acid balance

30
Q

Where is excess potassium secreted?

A

Distal tubule and collecting duct

31
Q

What does the acid base balance rely on?

A

Hydrogen ion secretion in the distal tubule and collecting duct

32
Q

What is urine?

A

Tubular fluid that remains after reabsorption and secretion

33
Q

What is the amount of water and solutes equal to?

A

Amount filtered - amount reabsorbed + amount secreted

34
Q

What can be used to measure glomerular filtration rate?

A

Creatinine

35
Q

What happens if you add water to the ECF?

A

ECF diluted-> water moves down the osmotic gradient into ICF -> ECF and ICF both expand and there is increased renal water filtration

36
Q

What happens to the osmolarity if you loose water?

A

Increases

37
Q

What happens physiologically if your plasma osmolality rises?

A

Increased thirst and increased secretion of ADH

38
Q

What is a synonym for ADH?

A

Vasopressin

39
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Increase renal water reabsorption

So decreases urine volume and increases urine osmolality

40
Q

What happens to the plasma osmolality if there’s an increase in water intake?

A

Falls as there’s increased water absorption through the GIT

41
Q

What are the physiological responses to a decrease in plasma osmolality?

A

Decreased thirst and secretion of ADH

42
Q

What does decreased plasma osmolality result in for urine?

A

Increased volume and decreased osmolality

43
Q

How is ECF volume determined?

A

The amount of sodium in that compartment

44
Q

What must be balanced to maintain a constant ECF volume?

A

Sodium intake and excretion

45
Q

Where are the main volume sensors?

A

CV system

46
Q

What happens to the ECF and ICF volumes if you add an isotonic solution to the ECF?

A

Retained in the ECF as the overall salt concentration hasn’t changed, so no change in osmotic gradient

47
Q

What does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do?

A

Increases renal sodium reabsorption and increases ECF volume

48
Q

What do cardiac natriuretic peptides do?

A

Decrease renal sodium reabsorption and decrease ECF volume

Physiology 1 (65 decks)

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