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Physiology 1 > Causes Of Hypoxaemia And Hypercapnia > Flashcards

Causes Of Hypoxaemia And Hypercapnia Flashcards

1
Q

What causes insufficient ventilation?

A

Obstruction of airways or failure to breathe adequately

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2
Q

What causes insufficient gas exchange?

A

Exchange surface dysfunction or VQ mismatch

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3
Q

What are the four causes of hypoxaemia?

A

Insufficient ventilation, insufficient gas exchange, insufficient oxygen carrying capacity and insufficient oxygen in the atmosphere

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4
Q

What defines respiratory failure?

A

When PaO2 < 8kPa when breathing air at sea level

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5
Q

What is the cause of type 1 respiratory failure?

A

Decreased oxygenation

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6
Q

What is the cause of type 2 respiratory failure?

A

Decreased ventilation

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7
Q

What is the PaO2 in type 1 respiratory failure?

A

Decreased

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8
Q

What is the PaO2 in type 2 respiratory failure?

A

Decreased

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9
Q

What is the PAO2 in type 1 respiratory failure?

A

Normal

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10
Q

What is the PAO2 in type 2 respiratory failure?

A

Decreased

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11
Q

What is the PaCO2 in type 1 respiratory failure?

A

Normal

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12
Q

What is the PaCO2 in type 2 respiratory failure?

A

Increased

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13
Q

What is the pH in type 1 respiratory failure?

A

Normal

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14
Q

What is the pH in type 2 respiratory failure?

A

Decreased

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15
Q

What is PAO2?

A

Oxygen pressure in the alveoli

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16
Q

What is PaO2?

A

Arterial oxygen concentration

17
Q

What does it mean if there’s insufficient oxygen in the atmosphere?

A

Less O2 in atmosphere -> less O2 in alveoli so less arterial O2

18
Q

What are the two types of hypoventilation?

A

Airway obstruction due to physical blockade or problems with initiation or mechanics of breathing

19
Q

Give examples of airway obstruction hypoventilation

A
  • Asphyxia, choking
  • smooth muscle constriction
  • excess mucus secretions
  • obstructive sleep apnoea
  • bronchial obstruction (asthma, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis)
20
Q

What causes the other type of hypoventilation (not airway obstruction)?

A
  • Drug (opioid) overdose
  • stroke
  • neuromuscular disease (muscular dystrophy, motor neurone disease)
  • issues with lung mechanics (COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, NRDS, pneumothorax)
21
Q

What causes oxygenation problems?

A

V/Q mismatch

22
Q

What is the dead space effect?

A

Reduced perfusion of lung regions increases V/Q ratio

23
Q

What are the effects of the dead space effect?

A

Heart failure, blocked vessels and loss /damage of capillaries

24
Q

What is the shunt effect?

A

Reduced ventilation or limited diffusion, causing a decrease in V/Q ratio

25
Q

Give some diseases where the shunt effect happens

A

Pneumonia
atelectasis (Collapsed lung)
Respiratory distress syndrome

26
Q

Give some examples of oxygen transport disorders

A

Anaemia (blood loss or Hb)
Iron deficiency (decreased production)
Haemorrhage (increased loss)
Carbon monoxide poisoning (CO prevents O2-Hb binding

27
Q

What are the 6 clinical signs of respiratory distress?

A 
Tachypnoea, dyspnoea 
Tachycardia
Laboured breathing, audible lung sounds
Tiredness, loss of consciousness 
Fatigue
Cyanosis
28
Q

What are the clinical effects of insufficient O2 supply?

A

Dyspnoea, cyanosis, fatigue, coma, seizure

29
Q

What is dyspnoea?

A

Shortness of breath

30
Q

What are the effects of acute insufficient O2 supply?

A

Hypoxaemia -> tissue hypoxia -> organ failure -> death

31
Q

What are the effects of chronic insufficient O2 supply?

A

Polycythaemia, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction -> pulmonary heart failure

32
Q

What is Polycythaemia?

A

Increased Hb concentration in blood

33
Q

What are the clinical signs of insufficient carbon dioxide removal?

A

Dyspnoea, confusion, seizure, unconsciousness

34
Q

What is the pathway of insufficient CO2 removal?

A

Hypercapnia ->acidosis ->organ failure + cardiac arrhythmia -> death

Physiology 1 (65 decks)

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