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Physiology 1 > Mucosal Immunology > Flashcards

Mucosal Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the systemic immune system?

A

Bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph system and blood circulation

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2
Q

What is the mucosal system comprised of?

A

Eyes, nose, mouth, lungs, gut, Genitourinary tract

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3
Q

What is the main route for infectious microorganisms?

A

Mucosal immune system

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4
Q

What are the two mechanisms within the mucosal immune system?

A

Innate and adaptive

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5
Q

What are the innate mechanisms within the mucosal immune system?

A

Mucin, peristalsis, antimicrobial peptides and proteins

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6
Q

What must the adaptive mechanisms within the mucosal immune system differentiate between?

A

Harmful pathogens and harmless antigens- foods and commensal bacteria

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7
Q

What is in the mucosal barrier?

A

Secretory IgA/ IgM and a bit of IgG

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8
Q

What are the two sources of saliva?

A

Salivary glands and gum/teeth barrier

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9
Q

How is saliva made at the gum epithelium and whys it special?

A

Epithelium gets really thin where it meets the tooth so fluid from the blood leaks into mouth- no cells only serum components

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10
Q

What are intra-epithelial lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes that are squeezing out of the epithelium

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11
Q

What are the three types of lymphoid cells in the gut?

A

Intra-epithelial lymphocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages, Peyers patches

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12
Q

Where are the lymphocytes and macrophages found in the gut?

A

Lamina proprietor

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13
Q

What can dendritic cells do in the gut?

A

Extend their dendrite through the epithelial layer and sample what’s going on in the lumen

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14
Q

What are peyers patches similar in structure and function to?

A

Lymph nodes

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15
Q

What are peyers patches full of?

A

Lymphocytes

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16
Q

What’s the structure of peyers patches?

A

Different types of lymphocytes in different areas of the peyers patch- has columnar epithelium and forms a dome shape. The epithelium is interspersed with M cells

17
Q

Where do M cells lie?

A

Slightly below epithelial cells

18
Q

What type of cell are M cells?

A

Antigen presenting cell

19
Q

What are the surface of M cells like?

A

Have microfolds

20
Q

What are M cells invaginated by?

A

Lymphocytes

21
Q

What do M cells do?

A

Take tiny samples of GI fluid

22
Q

What are taken up by M cells?

A

Viruses, particles and macromolecules, parasites and bacteria

23
Q

What happens if a lymphocyte is activated in a peyers patch?

A

Proliferates and moves out of the peyers patch into the lymph drainage system

24
Q

What happens after lymphocytes from the peyers patch move into the lymph drainage system?

A

They go to the mesenteric lymph node where they mature and move into bloodstream- they hone into the small intestine but also all the way along the GIT

25
Q

What is the common mucosal immune system?

A

Lymphocytes from one area of the GIT will spread evenly along all the mucosal sites

26
Q

What are the main type of mucosal antibodies?

A

SIgA

27
Q

What is SIgA found in?

A

All secretions and breast milk

28
Q

What benefits do SIgA give to newborn infants?

A

Passive immune protection

29
Q

Why do secretory antibodies survive better than the serum antibodies in the gut?

A

The secretory component protects it from the protease enzymes in the gut

30
Q

What are the main structural differences between secretory and serum antibodies?

A

Secretory are dimerised, with a joining component and secretory component connecting them, serum are singular

31
Q

What does aggregation mean for bacteria?

A

Harder to get through the mucosal surface in big groups

32
Q

What gives IgA1 antibodies flexibility?

A

The hinge region

33
Q

What are the 4 functions of SIgA?

A

Immune exclusion, intra-cellular neutralisation, virus excretion, interactions with non-specific factors (lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidase)

34
Q

What are the 6 approaches to oral immunisation?

A
  • Attenuated virus
  • attenuated recombinant bacterial mutants
  • mucosal adjuvants
  • liposomes, microspheres
  • capsules
  • transgenic edible plants
35
Q

What is the difference between mucosal secondary immune response and systemic secondary immune response?

A

Much smaller and antibodies disappear quite quickly

36
Q

What are the steps in creating an oral vaccine from GM plants?

A
  • hep B surface antigen gene transferred from yeast into a plant cell
  • potato plants are regenerated from transformed cells
  • hep B vaccine is correctly expressed by potato plants
  • GM potatoes are harvested containing the hep B vaccine
37
Q

What is oral tolerance?

A

If an antigen is first encountered through the mucosal immune system, the systemic immune system may become unresponsive to the antigen

38
Q

Why is oral tolerance a thing?

A

Prevents immune reactions to all food

Physiology 1 (65 decks)

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