PAS

Question 1

What does significant mean?

Answer 1

Sufficiently great or important enough to be worthy of attention

Question 2

What do you have to do to show an effect is clinically significant?

Answer 2

Show the effect is big enough to matter

Question 3

What is the effect size?

Answer 3

Distance between the treated and control samples

Question 4

What is real effect size?

Answer 4

Treated mean- control mean

Question 5

What does s.e.m mean?

Answer 5

Standard error of the mean

Question 6

What is s.e.m?

Answer 6

Measure of confidence in the experimental result

Question 7

What does induction mean?

Answer 7

Inference of a generalised conclusion from particular instances

Question 8

What is a synonym for numerical variables?

Answer 8

Quantitative

Question 9

What are numerical variables?

Answer 9

When the values are numerical or can be represented with numbers

Question 10

What is continuous quantitative data?

Answer 10

Take any value within a range

Question 11

What are discrete quantitative data?

Answer 11

Specific points on a scale - normally whole numbers

Question 12

What is a qualitative variable?

Answer 12

Variables whose values are not numerical (categories, labels or groups)

Question 13

What are the three types of qualitative variable?

Answer 13

Nominal, ordinal and dichotomous

Question 14

What is a nominal variable?

Answer 14

No natural order

Question 15

What is an ordinal variable?

Answer 15

Natural order

Question 16

What is a dichotomous variable?

Answer 16

Only 2 options

Question 17

What does a column chart show?

Answer 17

Comparison among different items

Question 18

When is a bar chart used?

Answer 18

Horizontal column chart, when the item data labels are too long or you have too many items to compare

Question 19

What does a line graph show?

Answer 19

A trend or progress over time

Question 20

What does a pie chart show?

Answer 20

How categories represent part of a whole

Question 21

What does a stacked bar chart do?

Answer 21

Compare many different items and show their comparison

Question 22

What is another name for a mekko chart?

Answer 22

Mosaic chart

Question 23

What does a mekko chart show?

Answer 23

Compares values, measures their composition and shows how the data is distributed across each one

Question 24

What is an area chart?

Answer 24

Line chart where the x axis and line is filled with a colour or pattern

Question 25

What is an area chart useful to show?

Answer 25

Part-whole relationships

Question 26

What does a dual axis chart show?

Answer 26

Plot three data sets with one shared axis

Question 27

What is a dot plot?

Answer 27

Visual idea of the spread of data points

Question 28

What does a histogram present?

Answer 28

Numeric data and its frequency distribution

Question 29

What is a box and whisker plot?

Answer 29

Statistical summary of a set of data

Question 30

What does a scatter plot do?

Answer 30

Demonstrates distribution

Question 31

What does a heat map do/show?

Answer 31

The relationship between two items and provides rating info displayed as a colour or saturation

Question 32

What is Normal distribution?

Answer 32

Mathematical model that describes how data clusters around the mean and reduces the further away you go

Question 33

What are the characteristics of a normal distribution curve?

Answer 33

- area under the curve is the total probability and will always add up to 1 (or 100%) - peak = mean - curve is symmetrical

Question 34

What does standard deviation characterise?

Answer 34

How short/tall the normal distribution curve is

Question 35

What is the population?

Answer 35

The collection of individuals or data points

Question 36

What is a sample?

Answer 36

Smaller group drawn from the population

Question 37

What are the types of sample (8)?

Answer 37

``` Random, systematic, stratified, clustered, convenience, quota, purposive, snowball ```

Question 38

What is a random sample?

Answer 38

Chosen entirely by chance

Question 39

What is a systematic sample?

Answer 39

Selected at regular intervals

Question 40

What is a stratified sample?

Answer 40

Divided into subgroups that share a characteristic first

Question 41

What is a clustered sample?

Answer 41

A subgroup used for a sample

Question 42

What is a convenience sample?

Answer 42

First volunteers through the door past a threshold

Question 43

What is a quota sample?

Answer 43

You need a set number of each group

Question 44

What is a purposive sample?

Answer 44

Relies on the judgement of the collector

Question 45

What is a snowball sample?

Answer 45

One chosen person, who recruits the next person etc etc

Question 46

What is the central limit theorem?

Answer 46

If a sample size is large enough then the sampling distribution of the mean is normal distribution

Question 47

What is an inference?

Answer 47

Drawing a conclusion about a population from the sample we have

Question 48

What is the null hypothesis?

Answer 48

Predicting the data wont show anything new (no change)

Question 49

What is the alternate hypothesis?

Answer 49

Claims the parameter of interest falls within an alternative range of values

Question 50

What does it mean if the null hypothesis is true?

Answer 50

No real effect

Question 51

Can you accept the alternate hypothesis?

Answer 51

No, you have to reject the null hypothesis

Question 52

What is a type 1 error?

Answer 52

If you think the data showed something important but really it happened due to chance (false positive)

Question 53

What is type 2 error?

Answer 53

When you fail to reject a null hypothesis when you should have (false negative)

Question 54

What is the critical value?

Answer 54

The point along the x axis at which you decide to reject the null hypothesis

Question 55

When can you use error bars?

Answer 55

If you have three or more experimental replicates

Question 56

What does the t test do?

Answer 56

Compares the means of two groups and checks if they are reliably different

Question 57

What are the assumptions and criteria of the t test?

Answer 57

The data needs to be normally distributed and you have to have approximately equal numbers in all the samples

Question 58

What does the null hypothesis in the t test assume?

Answer 58

The two means are the same

Question 59

What does a two tailed t test allow for?

Answer 59

The possibility that the test stat is either very large or very small

Question 60

What is a trend line?

Answer 60

The line that has the least amount of distance from each data point

Question 61

What doesn’t the trend line tell you?

Answer 61

How well the points fit along the line

Question 62

What is a Pearson’s R test?

Answer 62

How strong the correlation is and in what direction