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Physiology 1 > PAS > Flashcards

PAS Flashcards

1
Q

What does significant mean?

A

Sufficiently great or important enough to be worthy of attention

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2
Q

What do you have to do to show an effect is clinically significant?

A

Show the effect is big enough to matter

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3
Q

What is the effect size?

A

Distance between the treated and control samples

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4
Q

What is real effect size?

A

Treated mean- control mean

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5
Q

What does s.e.m mean?

A

Standard error of the mean

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6
Q

What is s.e.m?

A

Measure of confidence in the experimental result

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7
Q

What does induction mean?

A

Inference of a generalised conclusion from particular instances

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8
Q

What is a synonym for numerical variables?

A

Quantitative

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9
Q

What are numerical variables?

A

When the values are numerical or can be represented with numbers

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10
Q

What is continuous quantitative data?

A

Take any value within a range

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11
Q

What are discrete quantitative data?

A

Specific points on a scale - normally whole numbers

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12
Q

What is a qualitative variable?

A

Variables whose values are not numerical (categories, labels or groups)

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13
Q

What are the three types of qualitative variable?

A

Nominal, ordinal and dichotomous

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14
Q

What is a nominal variable?

A

No natural order

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15
Q

What is an ordinal variable?

A

Natural order

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16
Q

What is a dichotomous variable?

A

Only 2 options

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17
Q

What does a column chart show?

A

Comparison among different items

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18
Q

When is a bar chart used?

A

Horizontal column chart, when the item data labels are too long or you have too many items to compare

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19
Q

What does a line graph show?

A

A trend or progress over time

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20
Q

What does a pie chart show?

A

How categories represent part of a whole

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21
Q

What does a stacked bar chart do?

A

Compare many different items and show their comparison

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22
Q

What is another name for a mekko chart?

A

Mosaic chart

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23
Q

What does a mekko chart show?

A

Compares values, measures their composition and shows how the data is distributed across each one

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24
Q

What is an area chart?

A

Line chart where the x axis and line is filled with a colour or pattern

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25
Q

What is an area chart useful to show?

A

Part-whole relationships

26
Q

What does a dual axis chart show?

A

Plot three data sets with one shared axis

27
Q

What is a dot plot?

A

Visual idea of the spread of data points

28
Q

What does a histogram present?

A

Numeric data and its frequency distribution

29
Q

What is a box and whisker plot?

A

Statistical summary of a set of data

30
Q

What does a scatter plot do?

A

Demonstrates distribution

31
Q

What does a heat map do/show?

A

The relationship between two items and provides rating info displayed as a colour or saturation

32
Q

What is Normal distribution?

A

Mathematical model that describes how data clusters around the mean and reduces the further away you go

33
Q

What are the characteristics of a normal distribution curve?

A
  • area under the curve is the total probability and will always add up to 1 (or 100%)
  • peak = mean
  • curve is symmetrical
34
Q

What does standard deviation characterise?

A

How short/tall the normal distribution curve is

35
Q

What is the population?

A

The collection of individuals or data points

36
Q

What is a sample?

A

Smaller group drawn from the population

37
Q

What are the types of sample (8)?

A 
Random, 
systematic, 
stratified, 
clustered, 
convenience, 
quota, 
purposive, 
snowball
38
Q

What is a random sample?

A

Chosen entirely by chance

39
Q

What is a systematic sample?

A

Selected at regular intervals

40
Q

What is a stratified sample?

A

Divided into subgroups that share a characteristic first

41
Q

What is a clustered sample?

A

A subgroup used for a sample

42
Q

What is a convenience sample?

A

First volunteers through the door past a threshold

43
Q

What is a quota sample?

A

You need a set number of each group

44
Q

What is a purposive sample?

A

Relies on the judgement of the collector

45
Q

What is a snowball sample?

A

One chosen person, who recruits the next person etc etc

46
Q

What is the central limit theorem?

A

If a sample size is large enough then the sampling distribution of the mean is normal distribution

47
Q

What is an inference?

A

Drawing a conclusion about a population from the sample we have

48
Q

What is the null hypothesis?

A

Predicting the data wont show anything new (no change)

49
Q

What is the alternate hypothesis?

A

Claims the parameter of interest falls within an alternative range of values

50
Q

What does it mean if the null hypothesis is true?

A

No real effect

51
Q

Can you accept the alternate hypothesis?

A

No, you have to reject the null hypothesis

52
Q

What is a type 1 error?

A

If you think the data showed something important but really it happened due to chance (false positive)

53
Q

What is type 2 error?

A

When you fail to reject a null hypothesis when you should have (false negative)

54
Q

What is the critical value?

A

The point along the x axis at which you decide to reject the null hypothesis

55
Q

When can you use error bars?

A

If you have three or more experimental replicates

56
Q

What does the t test do?

A

Compares the means of two groups and checks if they are reliably different

57
Q

What are the assumptions and criteria of the t test?

A

The data needs to be normally distributed and you have to have approximately equal numbers in all the samples

58
Q

What does the null hypothesis in the t test assume?

A

The two means are the same

59
Q

What does a two tailed t test allow for?

A

The possibility that the test stat is either very large or very small

60
Q

What is a trend line?

A

The line that has the least amount of distance from each data point

61
Q

What doesn’t the trend line tell you?

A

How well the points fit along the line

62
Q

What is a Pearson’s R test?

A

How strong the correlation is and in what direction

Physiology 1 (65 decks)

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