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Gross Anatomy 2 > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Name the different lobes of the brain

A
  1. Temporal
  2. Frontal
  3. Parietal
  4. Occipital
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2
Q

Name the 3 general portions of the brain

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Medulla
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3
Q

What is the cerebrum composed of

A

2 cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

Name the fissure that travels down the midline of the brain; and what artery is present

A

Longitudinal fissure; anterior cerebral arteries

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5
Q

What are the lumps and grooves of the brain called

A 
Lumps = gyrus
Grooves = sulcus
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6
Q

What fissure separates the temporal lobe with the parietal and frontal lobes; and what artery is present

A

Lateral fissure; middle cerebral artery

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7
Q

What is the corpus callosum

A

White matter tract that connects the cerebral hemispheres

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8
Q

What is the main action of the basal ganglia

A

Regulate initiation and termination of body movements

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9
Q

What 3 structures form the diencephalon

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Pineal gland (epithalamus)
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10
Q

Where do fibres come from to pass through the thalamus

A

Spinal cord, brainstem and midbrain

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11
Q

What does the pineal gland produce

A

Melatonin, which regulates our body clock

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12
Q

What is the main action of the hypothalamus

A

Regulation of the ANS and homeostasis

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13
Q

What gland is the hypothalamus in association with

A

Pituitary gland

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14
Q

What structure does the pituitary gland communicate with the rest of the brain with

A

Pituitary stalk

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15
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland release

A
  1. Growth hormone

2. Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone

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16
Q

Where is the midbrain located

A

Junction of the middle and posterior cranial fossae

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17
Q

What does the midbrain connect

A

Diencephalon with the pons and medulla

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18
Q

Name the small lumps of tissue within the brainstem that are associated with the visual and auditory systems

A
  1. Superior colliculi = visual tracking and scanning

2. Inferior colliculi = auditory startle reflex

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19
Q

What does the midbrain connect

A

Diencephalon with the pons and medulla

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20
Q

What cranial nerves originate from the midbrain

A
  1. CN III = occulomotor

2. CN IV = trochlear

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21
Q

Name the features of the midbrain that control body movement

A
  1. Substantia nigra = controls subconscious muscle action

2. Red nuclei = co-ordinate muscle movement

22
Q

What cranial nerves originate from the pons

A
  1. CN V = trigeminal
  2. CN VI = abducent
  3. CN VII = facial
  4. CN VIII = vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear (balance)
23
Q

What is the function of the pontine nuclei

A
  1. Coordinates and maximises voluntary motor output

2. Controls our breathing pattern

24
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata located

A

Posterior cranial fossa; most caudal subdivision of the brainstem that is continuous with the spinal cord

25
Q

What is the function of the medulla’s olives

A

Proprioception; joint and muscle position

26
Q

What cranial nerves originate from the medulla oblongata

A
  1. CN IX = glossopharangeal
  2. CN X = vagus
  3. CN XI = accessory spinal
  4. CN XII = hypoglossal
  5. CN VIII = cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear (hearing)
27
Q

Describe the location of the cerebellum

A

Beneath the tentorium cerebelli in the posterior cranial fossa

28
Q

What is the cerebellum composed of

A

Two lateral hemispheres (lobes) united by a narrow middle part, the vermis

29
Q

What are the main actions of the cerebellum

A
  1. Controls subconscious aspects of skeletal muscle movements
  2. Regulates posture and balance
30
Q

Describe the communication pathways of the cerebella peduncles

A
  1. Superior = midbrain to cerebellum
  2. Middle = pons to cerebellum
  3. Inferior = medulla to cerebellum
31
Q

Name the primary arteries supplying the brain

A
  1. Internal carotid

2. Vertebral

32
Q

Where do the internal carotid arteries enter the cranial cavity

A

Through the carotid canal in the petrous part of the temporal bone

33
Q

Name the terminal branches of the internal carotid arteries

A
  1. Anterior cerebral arteries

2. Middle cerebral arteries

34
Q

What is formed, and where, when the vertebral arteries unite

A

At the caudal border of the pons the basilar artery is formed

35
Q

What are the terminal branches of the basilar artery

A

Posterior cerebral arteries

36
Q

What arteries form the circle of Willis

A
  1. Anterior cerebral
  2. Anterior communicating
  3. Posterior cerebral
  4. Posterior communicating
37
Q

What are the meninges

A

The three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord; dura, arachnoid, and pia mater

38
Q

What space contains the CSF

A

Subarachnoid space (between arachnoid and pia mater)

39
Q

Describe the arterial supply to the meninges, and where they originate from

A
  1. Anterior meningeal artery; ethmoid branches
  2. Middle meningeal artery; maxillary artery
  3. Posterior meningeal artery; occipital artery
40
Q

What is the function of the dural venous blood sinuses

A

Drain blood from the brain and channel it in into the internal jugular vein

41
Q

Describe the location of the sinuses

A
  1. Between periosteum and dura
    OR
  2. Between two layers of dura
42
Q

Describe the communications of the dural venous sinuses

A
  1. Cavernous venous sinus
  2. Pterygoid venous plexus
  3. Opthalmic and facial veins
43
Q

What cells produce CSF, and how is it secreted

A

Ependymal cells produce it; secreted by the choroid plexuses of the ventricles

44
Q

What does CSF provide

A

Mechanical and physical protection to the brain and spinal cord

45
Q

How does CSF enter the subarachnoid space

A

Through small apertures in the brain’s 4th ventricle

46
Q

How many ventricles does the brain have

A

4

47
Q

What do the lateral ventricles open into to reach the 3rd ventricle

A

Interventricular foramen

48
Q

What connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

A

Cerebral aqueduct

49
Q

Describe the location of the 3rd ventricle

A

Between the right and left halves of the diencephalon; inside the thalamus

50
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle located

A

Posterior part of the pons and medulla

51
Q

What apertures are present in the 4th ventricle

A
  1. Single median aperture

2. Paired lateral apertures

Gross Anatomy 2 (28 decks)

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