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Gross Anatomy 2 > Pharynx and Pre-Vertebral Region > Flashcards

Pharynx and Pre-Vertebral Region Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the pharynx extend from, and to

A

The cranial base to the inferior border of the C6 vertebrae posteriorly

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2
Q

Describe the inner lining of the pharynx

A 
Superiorly = ciliated columnar epithelium
Inferiorly = stratified squamous epithelium
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3
Q

Name the 3 regions of the pharynx

A
  1. Nasopharynx (posterior to nasal cavities)
  2. Oropharynx (posterior to the mouth)
  3. Laryngopharynx (posterior to the larynx, and blends with the oesophagus)
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4
Q

Describe the muscular layers underneath the fibrous layer

A
  1. Circular constrictor muscles

2. Longitudinal muscles

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5
Q

What tube exists in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx, and describe its function

A

Auditory tube = communicates with the middles air, equalising pressure either side of the tympanic membrane

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6
Q

Describe the borders of the nasopharynx

A 
Roof = sphenoid, occipital, and pharyngeal tonsil
Floor = soft palate
Anterior = nasal passages
Posterior = roof and C1 level
Lateral = auditory tube
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7
Q

What are the tonsils

A

Aggregations of lymphoid tissue

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8
Q

Describe the borders of the oropharynx

A 
Roof = soft palate
Floor = posterior 1/3rd tongue, lingual tonsil, and glossoepiglottic folds
Anterior = mouth
Posterior = C2/3 level
Lateral = palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds (arches) with palatine tonsils
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9
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located

A

Either side of the oropharynx in the interval between the palatine arches

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10
Q

Describe the borders of the laryngopharynx

A 
Anterior = larynx
Posterior = C3-6 vertebrae
Lateral = supported by thyroid cartilage, aryepiglottic fold, and thyrohyoid membrane
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11
Q

Name the 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles

A
  1. Superior
  2. Middle
  3. Inferior
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12
Q

Describe the arrangement of each pharyngeal constrictor muscle

A

Right and left parts meet in the posterior midline to form a fibrous raphe

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13
Q

Describe the innervation to the pharyngeal muscles

A

All (except the stylopharyngeus) vagus nerve (CN X) running in the pharyngeal plexus

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14
Q

What is the action of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

A

Pull the posterior pharyngeal wall anteriorly to close off the nasopharynx

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15
Q

What is the action of middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle

A

Propel the bolus towards the inferior constrictor

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16
Q

What is the action of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

A

Propel the bolus towards the oesophagus

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17
Q

Describe the overall action for the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles

A

Elevate the larynx and shorten the pharynx during swallowing and speaking

18
Q

Name the 3 pharyngeal longitudinal muscles

A
  1. Palatopharyngeus
  2. Stylopharyngeus
  3. Salpingopharyngeus
19
Q

Describe the innervation to the stylopharyngeus

A

Branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

20
Q

Describe the sensory innervation to the different regions of the pharynx

A 
Nasopharynx = CNV2 (maxillary division)
Oropharynx = glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Laryngopharynx = vagus nerve (CN X)
21
Q

Describe the arterial supply to the pharynx

A
  1. Pharyngeal branches from the maxillary artery

2. Ascending pharyngeal artery from the ‘medial’ surface of the external carotid

22
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the pharynx

A

Pharyngeal veins form a large venous plexus which communicate with:

  1. Facial vein
  2. Internal jugular vein
23
Q

What tonsils form the pharyngeal lymphatic ring

A
  1. Palatine
  2. Lingual
  3. Pharyngeal
24
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage pathway of the pharynx

A

Lymph drains to retropharyngeal and paratracheal nodes; then onto deep cervical nodes

25
Q

What nerves contribute to the pharyngeal plexus

A
  1. Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
  2. Vagus (CN X)
  3. Sympathetic fibres
  4. Cranial part of the accessory nerve (CN XI) via the vagus nerve
26
Q

What significant structures exist in the area immediately posterior to the pharynx

A
  1. Anterior pre-vertebral muscles

2. Sympathetic ganglia

27
Q

Name the 4 anterior pre-vertebral muscles

A
  1. Longus capitis
  2. Longus colli
  3. Rectus capitis anterior
  4. Rectus capitis lateralis
28
Q

Describe the innervation to the 4 anterior pre-vertebral muscles

A

Longus capitis = anterior rami C1-3
Longus colli = anterior rami C2-6
Rectus capitis anterior = anterior rami C1-2
Rectus capitis lateralis = anterior rami C1-2

29
Q

What is the overall action of the anterior pre-vertebral muscles

A

Support the head on the neck, as well as flexion

30
Q

Where does the sympathetic ganglia extend from, and to

A

Base of the skull to join the thoracic chain inferiorly

31
Q

Describe the location of the sympathetic ganglia

A

Behind the internal and common carotid arteries, medial to the vagus nerve

32
Q

Name the 3 regions of the sympathetic ganglia

A
  1. Superior cervical ganglia
  2. Middle cervical ganglia
  3. Inferior cervical ganglia
33
Q

Name the 3 ganglion regions of the sympathetic ganglia

A
  1. Superior cervical ganglion
  2. Middle cervical ganglion
  3. Inferior cervical ganglion
34
Q

What level does the superior cervical ganglion exist

A

C1 and C2 vertebrae

35
Q

Where do the grey rami communicantes head out from the superior cervical ganglion

A
  1. C1-4 anterior rami

2. Form plexus’ around the common and external carotid arteries

36
Q

What cranial nerves are supplied by the superior cervical ganglion

A

CN’s IX, X, and XII

37
Q

At what level does the middle cervical ganglion exist

A

At the level of the cricoid cartilage; very small, and occasionally absent

38
Q

Name other branches that exit from the middle cervical ganglion

A
  1. Thyroid branches to the thyroid gland
  2. Middle cardiac branch to the cardiac plexus
  3. Ansa cervicalis loops around the subclavian artery
  4. Grey rami communicantes to anterior rami of C5-6
39
Q

In around 80% of people, what happens to the inferior cervical ganglion

A

It fuses with the first thoracic ganglion to form the stellate ganglion

40
Q

Where is the stellate ganglion located

A

Anterior to the transverse process of the C7 vertebra, superior to the neck of the 1st rib

41
Q

Name the branches of the stellate ganglion

A
  1. Grey rami communicantes to the anterior rami of C7-8

2. Branches to the deep cardiac plexus

Gross Anatomy 2 (28 decks)

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