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NURS 106 > The Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

The Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones in the human skeleton

A

206

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2
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of skeleton & how many bones in each division

A

Axial skeleton (80) & appendicular skeleton (126)

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3
Q

What is the axial skeleton’s primary function?

A

Protect and support various internal organs

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4
Q

The axial skeleton consists of which bones?

A

Skull (cranium & face) and associated bones (hyoid & auxiliary ossicles), vertebral column and thoracic cage (ribs)

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5
Q

What connects the limbs to the axial skeleton?

A

Girdles

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6
Q

What are the small bones located in sutures between certain cranial bones called?

A

Sutural bones

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7
Q

How many bones are in the skull?

A

22

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8
Q

Which bones form the enclosed cranial cavity that is to protect the brain?

A

Cranial bones

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9
Q

Which bones that form the face?

A

Facial bones

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10
Q

What are the 8 cranial bones?

A

Frontal, parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

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11
Q

Which cranial bones are paired? (2)

A

Parietal & temporal

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12
Q

Which bone forms the forehead, the roofs of the orbits, and the anterior part of the cranial floor?

A

Frontal bone

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13
Q

Which bones form most the sides & roof of the cranial cavity?

A

Parietal bones

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14
Q

Which bones form part of the sides & floor of the cranial cavity?

A

Temporal bones

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15
Q

Which bone forms the posterior and most of the base of the cranium?

A

Occipital bone

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16
Q

Which bone forms the middle part of the base of the skull?

A

Sphenoid bone

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17
Q

Which bone is the keystone of the cranial floor? Why?

A

Sphenoid, because it articulates with all other cranial bones

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18
Q

Which bone is the delicate, sponge-like and forms the cranial floor between the eyes?

A

Ethmoid bone

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19
Q

What are the 2 projections of the ethmoid bone

A

Superior nasal conchae & middle nasal conchae

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20
Q

What does the two nasal conchae extend into?

A

The nasal cavity

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21
Q

What are the functions of the nasal conchae?

A

Help filter, warm, and moisten inhaled air before entering the lungs

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22
Q

What are the 14 facial bones?

A

Nasal (2), maxilla (2), zygomatic (2), mandible, lacrimal (2), palatine (2), interior nasal conchae (2), vomer

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23
Q

Which facial bones are paired?

A

Nasal, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine, interior nasal conchae

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24
Q

Which bones are small, flattened rectangular bones that form the bridge of the nose?

A

Nasal bones

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25
Q

What bones form the rear part of the hard palate which separates the nasal & oral cavities?

A

Palatine bones

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26
Q

Which bone is found on the floor of the nasal cavity and makes up the lower part of the nasal septum?

A

Vomer bone

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27
Q

What is the partition that divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides?

A

Nasal septum

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28
Q

What bones form the upper jawbone?

A

Maxilla bones

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29
Q

What bones form the cheek bones?

A

Zygomatic bones

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30
Q

What bone forms the lower jawbone?

A

Mandible (only movable bone)

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31
Q

What is the inside of the nose called?

A

Nasal cavity

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32
Q

What are the 3 components of the nasal septum?

A

Vomer, ethmoid, cartilage

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33
Q

What is the immovable joint in an adult skull that holds most of the bones together.

A

Suture

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34
Q

What are the 4 main sutures in the skull?

A

Coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous

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35
Q

Which suture unites the frontal and both parietal bones?

A

Coronal suture

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36
Q

Which suture unites the 2 parietal bones on the superior (upper) midline of the skull?

A

Sagittal suture

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37
Q

Which suture unites the 2 parietal bones & the occipital bone?

A

Lambdoid suture

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38
Q

Which suture unites the parietal & temporal bones on the sides of the skull?

A

Squamous suture

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39
Q

The hyoid bone is part of the ____ skeleton and is unique because:

A

Axial, it doesn’t articulate with other bones

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40
Q

What does the hyoid bone support?

A

The tongue

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41
Q

What does the hyoid bone provide attachment sites for?

A

Muscles of the tongue, neck, & pharynx

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42
Q

What is the vertebral column composed of?

A

Vertebrae

43
Q

How many vertebrae in the vertebral column?

A

26

44
Q

What does the vertebral column enclose & protect?

A

The spinal cord

45
Q

What does the vertebral column support?

A

The head

46
Q

What structure functions as an attachment point for the ribs, pelvic girdle, and muscles of the back?

A

Vertebral column

47
Q

What are the 5 vertebral regions and how many bones are in each?

A

Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum (1), Coccyx (1)

48
Q

Where are the cervical vertebrae located?

A

The neck

49
Q

Where are the thoracic vertebrae located?

A

Behind the chest cavity

50
Q

Where are the lumbar vertebrae located?

A

Lower back

51
Q

Where are the sacrum vertebrae?

A

The pelvis

52
Q

Where are the coccyx vertebrae?

A

The tailbone

53
Q

How many curves are in the vertebral column?

A

4

54
Q

What are the 4 functions of the spine curves?

A
  • Increase the strength of the spine
  • Help maintain balance
  • Absorb shock when walking
  • Help prevent fracture
55
Q

What are the 4 curves of the spine? Which are convex or concave?

A
  • Cervical curve (convex)
  • Thoracic curve (concave)
  • Lumbar curve (convex)
  • Sacral curve (concave)
56
Q

What is the vertebral body?

A

The thick weight bearing part

57
Q

What is the vertebral arch?

A

The circular rear portion of a vertebra which, together with the vertebral body, surrounds the spinal cord

58
Q

The vertebral arch formed by:

A

Laminae & pedicles

59
Q

What is the vertebral foramen?

A

An opening in the center of a vertebra which allows for the passage of the spinal cord

60
Q

The vertebral foramen is formed by:

A

Vertebral body and vertebral arch

61
Q

What is the vertebral canal?

A

The passageway formed by vertebrae stacked together to form the backbone

62
Q

What are the intervertebral discs?

A

Cartilage that separates the vertebrae from each other and absorb shock at each joint in the spine

63
Q

What is the function of the intervertebral foramen?

A

Passage of spinal nerves to and from the spinal cord

64
Q

What are the 7 processes that arise from the vertebral arch?

A

Spinous, transverse, superior articular, inferior articular

65
Q

What is the transverse process?

A

A projection that extends from each side of the vertebrae

66
Q

What is the spinous process?

A

A spine-like projection from the rear of a vertebra

67
Q

What is the superior articular process?

A

A projection from each side of the top of a vertebra

68
Q

What is the inferior articular process?

A

A projection from each side of the bottom of a vertebra

69
Q

What 3 foramen exists in the cervical vertebra?

A

Vertebral foramen, transverse foramen (2)

70
Q

The atlas is vertebra C_. It supports the ____ and lacks a ___ and ____ ____

A

C1, head, body, spinous process

71
Q

The C2 vertebra is called the ____. It has a ____ process

A

axis, dens or odontoid process

72
Q

C_-C_ are the vertebrae in the typical cervical vertebrae

A

C3-C7

73
Q

What are the vertebra prominens and where can they be felt?

A

C7 vertebra that has a large spinous process which can be felt at the base of the back of the neck

74
Q

What feature do the thoracic vertebrae have that distinguish them from other vertebrae?

A

They articulate with the ribs

75
Q

What are the flattened surfaces on the the articular processes in the thoracic region called?

A

Facets

76
Q

Which vertebrae are the largest and strongest in the vertebral column?

A

Lumbar

77
Q

Lumbar region has processes that are ____ and ____

A

Short, thick

78
Q

The spinous processes of the lumbar region point ____ ____ instead of ____ like the thoracic region

A

straight back, downward

79
Q

What is the sacrum?

A

A triangular bone formed from the fusion of 5 vertebrae

80
Q

The sacrum serves as the foundation for:

A

The pelvic girdle

81
Q

What is the median sacral crest?

A

The fusion of the spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae

82
Q

What is the lateral sacral crest?

A

The fusion of the transverse processes of the sacral vertebrae

83
Q

What is the sacral canal?

A

A continuation of the vertebral canal and has a lower entrance called the sacral hiatus

84
Q

What is the function of the sacral foramen?

A

The passage of blood vessels and nerves

85
Q

Describe the coccyx (tailbone)

A

A triangular bone formed by the fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae

86
Q

What is the function of the thoracic cage?

A

Encloses & protects the organs in the ventral cavity (heart + lungs)

87
Q

The thoracic cage consists of:

A

Sternum, ribs & bodies of the thoracic vertebrae

88
Q

What is the sternum and were is it located?

A

The breastbone in the center of the chest

89
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

90
Q

The superior part of the sternum is the ____ which consists of the ____ notch and ____ notch

A

Manubrium, clavicular, suprasternal (jugular)

91
Q

What is the largest, main part of the sternum?

A

Body

92
Q

The inferior pointed part of sternum is the:

A

Xiphoid process

93
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

94
Q

How do ribs articulate?

A

Posteriorly with thoracic vertebrae

95
Q

What connects the first 7 pairs of ribs directly to the sternum?

A

The costal cartilage

96
Q

What are ribs 1-7?

A

True ribs

97
Q

What are ribs 8-12?

A

False rib, don’t attach directly to sternum

98
Q

How do ribs 8-10 attach to the sternum?

A

By way of the 7th pair of ribs

99
Q

What are ribs 11 & 12?

A

Floating ribs, don’t attach to the sternum at all

100
Q

Give an example of a sesamoid bones

A

Patella (kneecaps) and various foot bones

101
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

The cavities within certain cranial and facial bones near the nasal cavity

102
Q

Which 4 bones contain paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary

103
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Produce mucus

- Serve as resonating chambers for sound

104
Q

What is the function of the axis?

A

The head turns from side to side

NURS 106 (22 decks)

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