Articulations Flashcards
Fibrous joints consist of layers of ____ ____ tissue
dense connective
Cartilaginous joints allow ____ movement and consist of bones connected by:
minimal, fibro- or hyaline cartilage (e.g. sternal angle, symphysis pubis)
In cartilaginous joints, bones are bound by:
Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage (eg. rib attachment to sternum by costal cartilage)
Symphyses are cartilaginous joints bones bound by:
Fibrocartilage (e.g. intervertebral disc and pubic symphysis)
Synovial joints allow ____ movement and are separated by a ____ ____
free, synovial cavity
Where is articular cartilage located?
The surfaces of bones where they come together to form synovial joints
What are the 2 layers of the articular capsule?
Outer layer: Fibrous capsule
Inner layer: Synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
Describe a planar/gliding joint
- Bone surfaces are flat
- Gliding movements: side to side
- (e.g. intercarpal/intertarsal)
Describe a hinge joint
- Convex bone fits into concave bone
- Monoaxial
- (e.g. knee, elbow)
Describe a pivot joint
- Round bone articulates with ring bone
- Rotating bone turns around an axis
- (e.g. radioulnar, atlanto-axial)
Describe a saddle joint
- Bone rides a saddle shaped bone
- Biaxial
- (e.g. carpometacarpal of thumb)
Describe a condyloid/ellipsoidal joint
- Oval shaped projection fits into oval depression
- Biaxial
- (e.g. wrist, ankle)
Describe a ball and socket joint
- Ball shaped process fits into cup-shaped socket
- Multiaxial
- (e.g. shoulder, hip joint)
How much movement do synovial joints allow?
Freely movable
What is hyperextension?
Extension beyond anatomical position (over 180 degrees)
Define biaxial
movement in two planes; ribs and wrist
Define triaxial
movement in three planes; shoulder, hip
Describe inversion
turning the sole of the foot inward
Describe eversion
turning the sole of the foot outward
Describe dorsiflexion
bending of the foot or the toes upward while the ankle digs into the surface
Describe plantarflexion
point toes down while heel moves up
Describe opposition
movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips
Describe reposition
moving to its normal location or other suitable location all or a portion of a body part
Describe protraction
moving a body part forward, anterior in a horizontal plane
Describe retraction
moving a body part backward and parallel to the ground
Describe depression
the lowering of the mandible
Describe elevation
raising a body part (e.g. mandible, shoulders)
Describe lateral flexion
bends vertebral column from side to side
Describe pronation
movement that turns the palm down
Describe supination
movement that turns the palm up
What are the angular movements?
flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
What type of joint is synarthrosis?
Immovable joint
What type of joint is synostosis?
Bony joints
What type of joint is amphiarthrosis?
Slightly movable joint
What type of joint is gomphosis?
attachment of a tooth to its socket (a type of fibrous joint)
What is syndesmosis?
two bones united by interosseous ligaments, found in between the tibia and fibula, and middle ear
What is chondrosis?
Cartilage deterioration
What is a chondroma?
Benign tumor of cartilage
Define a joint
Joints permit movement and are the point of contact between:
- Bone and bone
- Cartilage and bone
- Teeth and bone
What is the function of a fibrous joint?
Hold the bones tightly together (e.g. cranial sutures)
What is the function of the articular cartilage?
Reduce friction and shock
What does the synovial cavity contain?
Articular cartilage and articular capsule
Define monoaxial
Movement in one plane; elbow, ankle
Joints can either be _____ classified or ____ classified
structurally, functionally
Structural classification of bones is dependent on:
Presence of space between bones and type of connective tissue holding bones together
Functional classification of bones is dependent on:
Range of movement
