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NURS 106 > Higher Order Functions & Special Senses > Flashcards

Higher Order Functions & Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 common characteristics of higher all higher order functions?

A
  1. Require cerebral cortex.
  2. Involve conscious & unconscious info processing.
  3. Subject to adjustment over time (not innate, fixed behaviours).
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2
Q

What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?

A

Acts as the primary motor cortex.

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3
Q

What is the primary function of the parietal lobe?

A

Acts as the somatosensory cortex.

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4
Q

What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision.

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5
Q

What is the primary function of the temporal lobe?

A

Hearing.

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6
Q

What is the primary function of the premotor cortex?

A

Orienting the body & arms towards a specific target (complex movements).

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7
Q

What is the primary function of the posterior parietal cortex?

A

Acts as the processing area for sensory input.

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8
Q

What is the primary function of all association areas?

A

Integrating info from multiple sensory & motor areas.

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9
Q

What are the names of the 3 association areas of the cortex?

A
  1. Prefrontal association cortex.
  2. Parietal-temporal-occipital cortex.
  3. Limbic association cortex.
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10
Q

In what sequence will the general areas of the cortex become involved in processing a stimulus?

A
  1. Sensory receptors: receive sensory input.
  2. Primary sensory areas: initial processing.
  3. Higher sensory areas: elaboration & processing.
  4. Association areas: integration & storage of info.
  5. Higher motor areas: programming movements sequences.
  6. Primary motor cortex: commanding efferent neurons for movement.
  7. Motor neurons: carry out desired action.
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11
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal association cortex?

A

Planning for voluntary activity, decision making & personality traits.

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12
Q

What is the function of the limbic association cortex?

A

Motivation, emotion & memory.

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13
Q

What is the function of the posterior parietal cortex?

A

Integrating somatosensory & visual output, complex movements.

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14
Q

What is a memory trace?

A

A neural change responsible for retention/storage of knowledge.

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15
Q

Differentiate between short & long term memory in terms of how long it takes to store new info.

A

Short-term: immediate.

Long-term: much later (must be consolidated).

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16
Q

Differentiate between short & long term memory in terms of how long each type retains stored info for.

A

Short-term: seconds to hours.

Long-term: days to years.

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17
Q

Differentiate between short & long term memory in terms of how much capacity for info each has.

A

Short-term: fairly limited.

Long-term: very large.

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18
Q

Differentiate between short & long term memory in terms of retrieval time (how long it takes to remember).

A

Short-term: rapid retrieval.

Long-term: slower retrieval (unless thoroughly ingrained memories).

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19
Q

Differentiate between short & long term memory in terms of how memories are forgotten.

A

Short-term: memories are easily permanently forgotten if not consolidated.
Long-term: relatively stable memory trace, little forgetting.

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20
Q

Differentiate between short & long term memory in terms of how they store memories.

A

Short-term: transient modifications in pre-existing synapses (ex: altering amount of neurotransmitter released).
Long-term: permanent changes between existing neurons (ex: forming new synapses, forming new proteins).

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21
Q

What is the main function of the reticular activating system?

A

Interacting with the cerebral cortex to control sleep, awareness and wakefulness.

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22
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Left frontal lobe.

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23
Q

Broca’s area has a _____ function, which is to:

A

motor; controls muscles necessary articulation.

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24
Q

Wernicke’s area has a ______ function, which is to:

A

sensory; understanding spoken & written language.

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25
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Left parietal-temporal-occipital lobe.

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26
Q

Receptive aphasia is damage to __________ area.

A

Wernicke’s.

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27
Q

Patients with receptive aphasia will not be able to”

A

understand any spoken or visual information.

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28
Q

Expressive aphasia is damage to _______ area.

A

Broca’s.

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29
Q

Patients with expressive aphasia will not be able to:

A

speak properly.

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30
Q

Olfactory receptors are located in the _________ ______ and sense _____.

A

olfactory mucosa; smell.

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31
Q

The axons of olfactory receptor cells form the _________ _____.

A

olfactory nerve.

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32
Q

What are basal cells (in the nose)?

A

Precursors for new olfactory receptor cells.

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33
Q

What are the 2 conditions determining whether or not something can be smelled?

A
  1. Substance must be sufficiently volatile so it can enter the nose through the air.
  2. Must be sufficiently water soluble to get dissolved in the mucous coating the olfactory mucosa.
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34
Q

Afferent signals are sorted according to _____ _________ by the _________ within the olfactory bulb.

A

scent component; glomeruli.

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35
Q

Where are taste receptors located?

A

Inside the taste buds.

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36
Q

What 2 components do taste buds consist of?

A
  1. Taste pore: opening where fluids in the mouth contact surface of receptor cells.
  2. Modified epithelial cells with microvilli that bind with chemical molecules.
37
Q

The tongue is innervated by CN _, specifically the _________ & __________ branches.

A

V; maxillary; mandibular.

38
Q

What is a tastant?

A

Taste-provoking chemicals.

39
Q

What is produced when a tastant binds to receptor cells?

A

A depolarizing receptor potential.

40
Q

What does the receptor potential in gustation initiate?

A

Initiates action potentials within terminal endings of afferent nerve fibres.

41
Q

Where do signals from the gustatory nerves go to?

A

Brain stem & thalamus → cortical gustatory area.

42
Q

What are the 5 distinct tastes?

A

Salty, sour, bitter, sweet & umami.

43
Q

What other senses are involved in taste?

A

Smell (food odour), touch (temperature & texture of food).

44
Q

Describe the sclera.

A

Tough outer layer of connective tissue.

Forms the visible white part of the eye.

45
Q

Describe the cornea.

A

Anterior, transparent outer layer through which light rays pass into the eye.

46
Q

Describe the choroid layer.

A

Middle layer of the eye, underneath the sclera which contains blood vessels for nourishing the retina.
Specialized to form the ciliary body & iris.

47
Q

Describe the retina.

A

Innermost coat under the choroid layer.

Consists of outer, pigmented layer & inner, nervous tissue layer (rods & cones).

48
Q

What are the 5 steps of sound wave transmission?

A
  1. Tympanic membrane vibrates when struck by sound waves
  2. Middle ear transfer vibrations through ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) to oval window
  3. Waves in cochlear fluid set basilar membrane in motion
  4. Basilar membrane is deflected up & down, receptive hair cells are bent
  5. Deformation of hair cells is transduced into neural signals transmitted to auditory cortex in temporal lobe of brain
49
Q

What is the function of vitreous humor?

A

Maintains spherical shape of the eyeball.

50
Q

Where is the anterior cavity of the eye & what does it contain?

A

Between cornea & lens.

Contains aqueous humor.

51
Q

What is the function of the aqueous homor?

A

Carries nutrients for the cornea & lens.

52
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Controlling the amount of light entering the eye.

53
Q

What are the 2 sets of smooth muscle in the iris called?

A
  1. Circular (constrictor) muscle.

2. Radial (dilator) muscle.

54
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Uneven curvature of cornea/lens, causing unequal refraction of light rays.

55
Q

What is accomodation?

A

Ability to adjust the strength of the lens via the ciliary muscle.

56
Q

When the ciliary muscle is relaxed, the lens is _________, allowing for ___ vision.

A

flattened, far.

57
Q

When the ciliary muscle is contracted, the lens is _________, allowing for ____ vision.

A

spherical, near.

58
Q

Myopia is when the eyeball is too ____ or the eyeball is too ______.

A

long; strong.

59
Q

What are the 6 types of hearing losses and deafnesses?

A
  • Conductive hearing loss
  • Conductive deafness
  • Sensorineural hearing loss
  • Sensorineural deafness
  • Mixed hearing loss
60
Q

What is the difference between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Conductive: Damage to outer or middle ear (stimuli not transmitted)
Sensorineural: Damage to inner ear, auditory nerve or auditory pathway of brain

61
Q

What are the 5 steps of sound wave transmission?

A
  1. Tympanic membrane vibrates when struck by sound waves
  2. Middle ear transfer vibrations through ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) to oval window
  3. Waves in cochlear fluid set basilar membrane in motion
  4. Basilar membrane is deflected up & down, receptive hair cells are bent
  5. Deformation of hair cells is transduced into neural signals transmitted to auditory cortex in temporal lobe of brain
62
Q

In hyperopia, the eyeball is too _____ or the lens is too _____.

A

short; weak.

63
Q

In hyperopia, near objects are focused too far _______ the retina, causing them to be blurry.

A

behind.

64
Q

Which layers does light pass through in phototransduction?

A

Outermost: rods & cones.
Middle: neurons - bipolar cells.
Innermost: ganglion cells (optic nerve).

65
Q

Rods provide ____ vision while cones provide ______ vision.

A

grey; colour.

66
Q

Are there more rods or cones in our eye?

A

Rods.

67
Q

Why do we have a blindspot in our eye?

A

It’s where the optic nerve leaves.

68
Q

Visual info from the optic nerve travels to (3):

A

The occipital lobe: vision.
Midbrain: controls pupil size & coordinates head/eye movements.
Hypothalamus: sleep patterns based on light/dark.

69
Q

The left half of the visual cortex receives the _____ half of the visual field of ____ eye.

A

right; both.

70
Q

The right half of the visual cortex receives the _____ half of the visual field of ____ eye.

A

left; both.

71
Q

The right optic tract consists of temporal fibres of the _____ eye & nasal fibres of the ____ eye.

A

right; left.

72
Q

The left optic tract consists of temporal fibres of the _____ eye & nasal fibres of the ____ eye.

A

left; right.

73
Q

What happens at the optic chiasm?

A

Nasal fibres cross over to the opposite side.

74
Q

What is the binocular field of vision and what is it important for?

A

Overlapping area seen by both eyes at the same time.

Important for depth perception.

75
Q

Optic nerve injuries cause:

A

same-sided blindness.

76
Q

Optic chiasm injuries cause:

A

bi-temporal hemianopia: no vision in either temporal field.

77
Q

Optic tract injuries cause:

A

homonymous hemianopia: no vision in nasal field for one eye, no vision in temporal field for other eye.

78
Q

The external ear consists of which structures (3)?

A

Pinna, external auditory meatus & tympanum.

79
Q

What are 2 functions of the external ear?

A

Transmits airborne sound waves to fluid-filled inner ear.

Amplifies sound energy.

80
Q

What are the 2 sensory systems that the inner ear has?

A
  • Cochlea

- Vestibular apparatus

81
Q

What does the cochlea do?

A

Convert sound waves –> nerve impulses

82
Q

What is the function of the vestibular apparatus?

A
  • Sense of equilibrium

- Coordinating head movements with eye + postural movements

83
Q

What are the two components of the vestibular apparatus?

A

Semicircular canals and otolith organs (utricle & saccule)

84
Q

What do the semicircular canals do?

A

Detect rotational acceleration/deceleration in any direction

85
Q

What do the otolith organs do?

A

Detect changes in rate of linear movement in any direction

86
Q

What are the 2 functions of the middle ear?

A
  • Transmit airborne sound

- Amplifies sound energy

87
Q

Where is the eustachian tube?

A

Middle ear

88
Q

What does the eustachian tube do?

A
  • Ventilation, equalization + ambient pressures
  • Drainage
  • Protection from unwanted sound

NURS 106 (22 decks)

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