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NURS 106 > Nervous Tissue & Membrane Potential > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue & Membrane Potential Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 types of cells can be found in nervous tissue?

A

Neurons & Neuroglia

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2
Q

What is the function of neurons?

A

Transfer & process information in nervous system

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3
Q

What are the 4 structural classifications of neurons?

A
  • Anaxonic
  • Bipolar
  • Pseudounipolar
  • Multipolar
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4
Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of neurons?

A
  • Sensory
  • Interneuron
  • Motor
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5
Q

Describe an anaxonic neuron

A
  • Many processes

- No differentiation of axon + dendrite

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6
Q

Where is an anaxonic neuron found?

A

In the brain

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7
Q

Describe a bipolar neuron

A
  • Cell body is between 2 axons

- 2 proccesses

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8
Q

Describe a pseudounipolar neuron

A

Cell body is on one side of the axon

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9
Q

Where is a pseudounipolar neuron found?

A

In the PNS

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10
Q

Describe a multipolar neuron

A
  • Multiple dendrites

- 2 procceses

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11
Q

Where is a multipolar neuron found?

A

In motor system

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12
Q

Sensory neurons send information from the ____ to the ____

A

PNS, CNS

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13
Q

Sensory neurons detect ____ & ____ sensory

A

somatic, visceral

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14
Q

Where are interneurons found?

A

Between sensory & motor neurons

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15
Q

What is the function of an interneuron?

A

Analyze sensory input + coordinate motor output

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of interneurons?

A

Excitatory, inhibitory

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17
Q

Motor neurons send information from the ____ to the ____

A

CNS, PNS

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18
Q

What is the general function of neuroglia?

A

Support neurons

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19
Q

Under the PNS, what are the 2 types of neuroglia?

A
  • Satellite cells

- Shwann cells

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20
Q

Under the CNS, what are the 4 types of neuroglia?

A
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
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21
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

Regulate nutrient flow and nuerotransimtter levels around neurons in the ganglia

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22
Q

What are the functions of schwann cells?

A
  • Myelinate axons in the PNS

- Participate in repair process after injury

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23
Q

What are the functions of oligodendrocytes?

A
  • Myelinate axons in the CNS

- Provide structural framework

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24
Q

What are the 4 functions of astrocytes?

A
  • Maintain blood-brain barrier
  • Provide structural support
  • Regulate nutrient flow
  • Form scar tissue after injury
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25
What is the function of microglia?
Remove waste + pathogens by phagocytosis
26
What are the 2 functions of ependymal cells?
- Line brain + spinal cord | - Produce, circulate & monitor CSF
27
What are the 3 types of synapes of neurons?
- Neuron + neuron - Neuromuscular (neuron + skeletal muscle fiber) - Neuro glandular (neuron + gland cell)
28
Plasma membranes have a membrane potential which is established by what 4 things?
- Cations & anions in ICF and ECF - Large intracellular protein anions - Differential permeability to ions - Sodium-potassium pump
29
What are the 3 different types of potentials?
- Resting - Graded - Action
30
What is the charge at resting potential?
-70 mv
31
Graded potential has ____ signals and a ____ range
small, short
32
Graded potential is a temporary, ____ change in resting potential caused by a ____
localized, stimulus
33
Action potential is an ____ impulse
electrical
34
Describe the movement of an action potential through a neuron
Axon hillock --> axon terminals --> synapses
35
Action potential has ____ signals and a ____ range
large, long
36
What is the All or None Law?
When threshould is reached, the nerve/muscle responds completely
37
What is the threshold?
-50 mv
38
During resting potential, Na+ & K+ channels are:
Closed
39
What are the 2 events in the absolute refractory period?
Depolarization, repolarization
40
During depolarization the ____ channel opens and flows ___ the cell
Na+, into
41
What is the maximum charge the memrbane potential can reach?
+30 mv
42
During repolarization the ____ channel opens and flows ___ the cell
K+, out
43
During repolarization the ____ channel quickly closes
Na+
44
What event occurs in the relative refractory period?
Hyperpolarization
45
During hyperpolarization, the charge drops below __ mv because the ___ channels slowly close
-70, K+
46
After action potential completion, what maintains the concentration gradient?
Sodium-potassium pump
47
What are the 2 types of conduction in nerve fibres?
Continuous, saltatory
48
Continuous conduction occurs in ____ fibres
Unmyelinated
49
Saltatory conduction occurs in ____ fibres
Myelinated
50
In continuous conduction, how does an electrical impulse move?
Along entire membrane
51
In saltatory conduction, how does an electrical impulse move?
Jumps over myelin insulated sections of fibre
52
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemical messengers in synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell
53
Where are neurotransmitters released?
Into the synaptic cleft
54
How do neurotransmitters directly affect the postsynaptic membrane?
Opening & closing ion channels
55
How do neurotransmitters indirectly affect the postsynaptic membrane?
- G proteins (ie. adenylate cyclase) | - Intracellular enzymes (ie. dissolved gasses)
56
What are the 2 general types of neurotransmitters?
Excitatory, inhibitory
57
Excitatory neurotransmitters cause ____ & ____ action potentials
depolarization, promote
58
Inhibitory neurotransmitters cause ____ & ____ action potentials
repolarization, suppress
59
What are 2 examples of excitatory neurotransmitters?
Acetylcholine, glutamate
60
What are 2 examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters?
GABA, glycine
61
What are the 5 major classes of neurotransmitters?
- Norepinphrine (NE) - Dopamine - Serotonin - GABA - Dissolved gasses
62
NE, dopamine, serotonin, and GABA are all _____ _____
G proteins/Biogenic amines
63
Is NE excitatory or inhibitory?
Excitatory
64
Where can NE be found?
Brain + parts of ANS
65
What is NE released by?
Adrenergic synapses
66
Is dopamine excitatory or inhibitory?
Either
67
Where can dopamine be found?
In CNS
68
What disease is dopamine related to?
Parkinson's
69
Where can serotonin be found?
In CNS
70
What does serotonin affect?
Attention & emotional states
71
Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory?
Inhibitory
72
Where can GABA be found?
In CNS
73
What are 2 examples of dissolved gasses?
Nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO)
74
What are neuromodulators?
Chemicals that affect the rate of neurotransmitter release/response in postsynaptic neuron
75
What are the 2 types of neuromodulators?
Neuropeptides, opioids
76
What are the 2 general types of synapses?
Chemical, electrical
77
The presynaptic cell ____ the message whereas the postsynaptic cell ____ the message
sends, recieves
78
What is synaptic potential (PSP)?
Change in membrane potential
79
What is EPSP?
Excitatory response
80
What is IPSP?
Inhibitory response
81
EPSP has a large influx of ____ and moves ____ to threshold
Na+, close
82
IPSP has a large influx of ____ and moves ____ from threshold
K+, away
83
The axon hillock acts as an ____ which adds up all the signals (____)
integrator, summation
84
What are the 2 types of summation?
Temporal, spatial
85
What are the 2 types of synaptic potentials (PSP)?
EPSP, IPSP
86
Where can electrical synapses be found?
Retina + parts of cerebral cortex
87
Neuromuscular & neuroglandular junctions are ____ synapses whereas a neuron + neuron junction is a ____ synapse
chemical, electrical

NURS 106 (22 decks)

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