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NURS 106 > Nervous Tissue & Membrane Potential > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue & Membrane Potential Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 types of cells can be found in nervous tissue?

A

Neurons & Neuroglia

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2
Q

What is the function of neurons?

A

Transfer & process information in nervous system

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3
Q

What are the 4 structural classifications of neurons?

A
  • Anaxonic
  • Bipolar
  • Pseudounipolar
  • Multipolar
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4
Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of neurons?

A
  • Sensory
  • Interneuron
  • Motor
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5
Q

Describe an anaxonic neuron

A
  • Many processes

- No differentiation of axon + dendrite

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6
Q

Where is an anaxonic neuron found?

A

In the brain

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7
Q

Describe a bipolar neuron

A
  • Cell body is between 2 axons

- 2 proccesses

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8
Q

Describe a pseudounipolar neuron

A

Cell body is on one side of the axon

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9
Q

Where is a pseudounipolar neuron found?

A

In the PNS

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10
Q

Describe a multipolar neuron

A
  • Multiple dendrites

- 2 procceses

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11
Q

Where is a multipolar neuron found?

A

In motor system

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12
Q

Sensory neurons send information from the ____ to the ____

A

PNS, CNS

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13
Q

Sensory neurons detect ____ & ____ sensory

A

somatic, visceral

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14
Q

Where are interneurons found?

A

Between sensory & motor neurons

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15
Q

What is the function of an interneuron?

A

Analyze sensory input + coordinate motor output

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of interneurons?

A

Excitatory, inhibitory

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17
Q

Motor neurons send information from the ____ to the ____

A

CNS, PNS

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18
Q

What is the general function of neuroglia?

A

Support neurons

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19
Q

Under the PNS, what are the 2 types of neuroglia?

A
  • Satellite cells

- Shwann cells

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20
Q

Under the CNS, what are the 4 types of neuroglia?

A
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
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21
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

Regulate nutrient flow and nuerotransimtter levels around neurons in the ganglia

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22
Q

What are the functions of schwann cells?

A
  • Myelinate axons in the PNS

- Participate in repair process after injury

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23
Q

What are the functions of oligodendrocytes?

A
  • Myelinate axons in the CNS

- Provide structural framework

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24
Q

What are the 4 functions of astrocytes?

A
  • Maintain blood-brain barrier
  • Provide structural support
  • Regulate nutrient flow
  • Form scar tissue after injury
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25
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Remove waste + pathogens by phagocytosis

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26
Q

What are the 2 functions of ependymal cells?

A
  • Line brain + spinal cord

- Produce, circulate & monitor CSF

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27
Q

What are the 3 types of synapes of neurons?

A
  • Neuron + neuron
  • Neuromuscular (neuron + skeletal muscle fiber)
  • Neuro glandular (neuron + gland cell)
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28
Q

Plasma membranes have a membrane potential which is established by what 4 things?

A
  • Cations & anions in ICF and ECF
  • Large intracellular protein anions
  • Differential permeability to ions
  • Sodium-potassium pump
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29
Q

What are the 3 different types of potentials?

A
  • Resting
  • Graded
  • Action
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30
Q

What is the charge at resting potential?

A

-70 mv

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31
Q

Graded potential has ____ signals and a ____ range

A

small, short

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32
Q

Graded potential is a temporary, ____ change in resting potential caused by a ____

A

localized, stimulus

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33
Q

Action potential is an ____ impulse

A

electrical

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34
Q

Describe the movement of an action potential through a neuron

A

Axon hillock –> axon terminals –> synapses

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35
Q

Action potential has ____ signals and a ____ range

A

large, long

36
Q

What is the All or None Law?

A

When threshould is reached, the nerve/muscle responds completely

37
Q

What is the threshold?

A

-50 mv

38
Q

During resting potential, Na+ & K+ channels are:

A

Closed

39
Q

What are the 2 events in the absolute refractory period?

A

Depolarization, repolarization

40
Q

During depolarization the ____ channel opens and flows ___ the cell

A

Na+, into

41
Q

What is the maximum charge the memrbane potential can reach?

A

+30 mv

42
Q

During repolarization the ____ channel opens and flows ___ the cell

A

K+, out

43
Q

During repolarization the ____ channel quickly closes

A

Na+

44
Q

What event occurs in the relative refractory period?

A

Hyperpolarization

45
Q

During hyperpolarization, the charge drops below __ mv because the ___ channels slowly close

A

-70, K+

46
Q

After action potential completion, what maintains the concentration gradient?

A

Sodium-potassium pump

47
Q

What are the 2 types of conduction in nerve fibres?

A

Continuous, saltatory

48
Q

Continuous conduction occurs in ____ fibres

A

Unmyelinated

49
Q

Saltatory conduction occurs in ____ fibres

A

Myelinated

50
Q

In continuous conduction, how does an electrical impulse move?

A

Along entire membrane

51
Q

In saltatory conduction, how does an electrical impulse move?

A

Jumps over myelin insulated sections of fibre

52
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical messengers in synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell

53
Q

Where are neurotransmitters released?

A

Into the synaptic cleft

54
Q

How do neurotransmitters directly affect the postsynaptic membrane?

A

Opening & closing ion channels

55
Q

How do neurotransmitters indirectly affect the postsynaptic membrane?

A
  • G proteins (ie. adenylate cyclase)

- Intracellular enzymes (ie. dissolved gasses)

56
Q

What are the 2 general types of neurotransmitters?

A

Excitatory, inhibitory

57
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters cause ____ & ____ action potentials

A

depolarization, promote

58
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters cause ____ & ____ action potentials

A

repolarization, suppress

59
Q

What are 2 examples of excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine, glutamate

60
Q

What are 2 examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

GABA, glycine

61
Q

What are the 5 major classes of neurotransmitters?

A
  • Norepinphrine (NE)
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • GABA
  • Dissolved gasses
62
Q

NE, dopamine, serotonin, and GABA are all _____ _____

A

G proteins/Biogenic amines

63
Q

Is NE excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

64
Q

Where can NE be found?

A

Brain + parts of ANS

65
Q

What is NE released by?

A

Adrenergic synapses

66
Q

Is dopamine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Either

67
Q

Where can dopamine be found?

A

In CNS

68
Q

What disease is dopamine related to?

A

Parkinson’s

69
Q

Where can serotonin be found?

A

In CNS

70
Q

What does serotonin affect?

A

Attention & emotional states

71
Q

Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Inhibitory

72
Q

Where can GABA be found?

A

In CNS

73
Q

What are 2 examples of dissolved gasses?

A

Nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO)

74
Q

What are neuromodulators?

A

Chemicals that affect the rate of neurotransmitter release/response in postsynaptic neuron

75
Q

What are the 2 types of neuromodulators?

A

Neuropeptides, opioids

76
Q

What are the 2 general types of synapses?

A

Chemical, electrical

77
Q

The presynaptic cell ____ the message whereas the postsynaptic cell ____ the message

A

sends, recieves

78
Q

What is synaptic potential (PSP)?

A

Change in membrane potential

79
Q

What is EPSP?

A

Excitatory response

80
Q

What is IPSP?

A

Inhibitory response

81
Q

EPSP has a large influx of ____ and moves ____ to threshold

A

Na+, close

82
Q

IPSP has a large influx of ____ and moves ____ from threshold

A

K+, away

83
Q

The axon hillock acts as an ____ which adds up all the signals (____)

A

integrator, summation

84
Q

What are the 2 types of summation?

A

Temporal, spatial

85
Q

What are the 2 types of synaptic potentials (PSP)?

A

EPSP, IPSP

86
Q

Where can electrical synapses be found?

A

Retina + parts of cerebral cortex

87
Q

Neuromuscular & neuroglandular junctions are ____ synapses whereas a neuron + neuron junction is a ____ synapse

A

chemical, electrical

NURS 106 (22 decks)

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