Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards
Define matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass
Matters is made up of ______
atoms
The atomic number is the number of:
Protons
________ can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a _______.
Monomers, polymer
The atomic mass is the number of ______ + the number of ______
protons, neutrons
Polymers are formed through ___________ _________.
Dehydration synthesis
Polymers are broken down into monomers through __________.
Hydrolysis
Biomolecules are synthesized by ______ _________ and contain ______ atoms.
Living organisms, carbon
Define a carbohydrate
Biomolecules that contain C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Give an example of a monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide.
Mono: glucose or fructose
Di: sucrose
Poly: cellulose, glycogen
What is the main function of carbohydrates?
Primary energy source for the body
Define a lipid.
Hydrophobic biomolecule generally with C and H in a 1:2 ratio
What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates?
Monomer: monosaccharide
Polymers: disaccharide & polysaccharide
What are the monomers and polymers of a lipid?
Monomers: fatty acids & glycerol
Polymers: glycerides
Fatty acids may be _________ or ___________.
Saturated or unsaturated
Name 2 important lipids.
Eicosanoids (leukotrienes & prostaglandins) and steroids
What are some functions of lipids?
Energy storage/alternate energy source when carbs aren’t available, communication & protection
Define a protein.
Biomolecules made out of chains of amino acids.
What are some examples of proteins in the body?
Enzymes, muscle proteins, antibodies.
What are the 3 components of nucleotides?
5C sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), phosphate group(s), nitrogenous base (purines or pyrimidines)
Briefly describe protein synthesis.
Transcription in nucleus produces an mRNA molecule which is modified and enters the cytoplasm for translation. The mRNA is translated into a polypeptide protein with the help of a ribosome and tRNA molecule.
What are some functions of nucleotides?
Energy transfer within cells (ATP → ADP), messenger signals for cell to do something, expression of genetic info (by nucleic acids)
An ionic bond involves the ______ of electrons
transfer
An ion with a positive charge is called a:
Cation
An ion with a negative charge is called a:
Anion
A covalent bond involves the _______ of electrons
sharing
A non-polar covalent bond is when the electrons are distributed ______
equally
A polar covalent bond is when the electrons are distributed ______
unequally
A hydrogen bond is a type of ______ bond between a hydrogen and the elements, _____
polar (dipole-dipole), Fluoride, Oxygen, Nitrogen
A chemical reaction is the ______ and/or ______ of bonds
formation, breaking
Explain how RNA is produced from DNA
RNA is produced from DNA using the enzyme RNA polymerase, which binds to a DNA strand to create a complementary copy.
What are the different types of RNA?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
What is mRNA?
Messenger RNA: an intermediate message that is translated to form a protein
What is tRNA?
Transfer RNA: carries amino acids around during translation.
What is rRNA?
Ribosomal RNA: non-coding-primary component of ribosomes that carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes
What is snRNA?
Nuclear RNA: responsible for forming splicesomes, synthesized by RNA polymerase II.
What are the phases of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What are the phases of meiosis?
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
Using AB, demonstrate a decomposition reaction (catabolism)
AB –> A + B
Using AB, demonstrate a synthesis reaction (anabolism)
A + B –> AB
Using ABCD, demonstrate an exchange reaction
AB + CD –> AD + CB
An inorganic compound is an ______ compound that usually doesn’t contain ______ or ______
ionic, Carbon, Hydrogen
An organic compound is a ______ compound that usually contains ______ or ______
molecular, Carbon, Hydrogen
Using AB, demonstrate a reversible reaction
A + B ⇄ AB
What is the macromolecule polymer of nucleotides?
Nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)
What are 4 key differences between mitosis and meiosis?
- Somatic cells vs sex cells
- 2 daughter cells identical to parent vs 4 daughter cells non-identical to parent
- Ploidy maintained vs ploidy reduced by 1/2
- 1 division cycle vs 2 division cycles
A ______ dissolves in a _______ to form a solution
solute, solvent
Electrolyte are ______ ______ in water that conduct _______
charged ions, electricity
Osmotic pressure (OP) is the:
Amount of solute in the solvent
Hydrophobic means that it is ______ in water
insoluble
Hydrophilic means that it is _____ in water
soluble
