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NURS 106 > Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Define matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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2
Q

Matters is made up of ______

A

atoms

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3
Q

The atomic number is the number of:

A

Protons

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4
Q

________ can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a _______.

A

Monomers, polymer

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5
Q

The atomic mass is the number of ______ + the number of ______

A

protons, neutrons

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6
Q

Polymers are formed through ___________ _________.

A

Dehydration synthesis

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7
Q

Polymers are broken down into monomers through __________.

A

Hydrolysis

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8
Q

Biomolecules are synthesized by ______ _________ and contain ______ atoms.

A

Living organisms, carbon

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9
Q

Define a carbohydrate

A

Biomolecules that contain C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio

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10
Q

Give an example of a monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide.

A

Mono: glucose or fructose

Di: sucrose

Poly: cellulose, glycogen

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11
Q

What is the main function of carbohydrates?

A

Primary energy source for the body

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12
Q

Define a lipid.

A

Hydrophobic biomolecule generally with C and H in a 1:2 ratio

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13
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates?

A

Monomer: monosaccharide

Polymers: disaccharide & polysaccharide

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14
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of a lipid?

A

Monomers: fatty acids & glycerol

Polymers: glycerides

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15
Q

Fatty acids may be _________ or ___________.

A

Saturated or unsaturated

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16
Q

Name 2 important lipids.

A

Eicosanoids (leukotrienes & prostaglandins) and steroids

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17
Q

What are some functions of lipids?

A

Energy storage/alternate energy source when carbs aren’t available, communication & protection

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18
Q

Define a protein.

A

Biomolecules made out of chains of amino acids.

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19
Q

What are some examples of proteins in the body?

A

Enzymes, muscle proteins, antibodies.

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20
Q

What are the 3 components of nucleotides?

A

5C sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), phosphate group(s), nitrogenous base (purines or pyrimidines)

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21
Q

Briefly describe protein synthesis.

A

Transcription in nucleus produces an mRNA molecule which is modified and enters the cytoplasm for translation. The mRNA is translated into a polypeptide protein with the help of a ribosome and tRNA molecule.

22
Q

What are some functions of nucleotides?

A

Energy transfer within cells (ATP → ADP), messenger signals for cell to do something, expression of genetic info (by nucleic acids)

23
Q

An ionic bond involves the ______ of electrons

A

transfer

24
Q

An ion with a positive charge is called a:

A

Cation

25
Q

An ion with a negative charge is called a:

A

Anion

26
Q

A covalent bond involves the _______ of electrons

A

sharing

27
Q

A non-polar covalent bond is when the electrons are distributed ______

A

equally

28
Q

A polar covalent bond is when the electrons are distributed ______

A

unequally

29
Q

A hydrogen bond is a type of ______ bond between a hydrogen and the elements, _____

A

polar (dipole-dipole), Fluoride, Oxygen, Nitrogen

30
Q

A chemical reaction is the ______ and/or ______ of bonds

A

formation, breaking

31
Q

Explain how RNA is produced from DNA

A

RNA is produced from DNA using the enzyme RNA polymerase, which binds to a DNA strand to create a complementary copy.

32
Q

What are the different types of RNA?

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

33
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Messenger RNA: an intermediate message that is translated to form a protein

34
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Transfer RNA: carries amino acids around during translation.

35
Q

What is rRNA?

A

Ribosomal RNA: non-coding-primary component of ribosomes that carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes

36
Q

What is snRNA?

A

Nuclear RNA: responsible for forming splicesomes, synthesized by RNA polymerase II.

37
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

38
Q

What are the phases of meiosis?

A

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

39
Q

Using AB, demonstrate a decomposition reaction (catabolism)

A

AB –> A + B

40
Q

Using AB, demonstrate a synthesis reaction (anabolism)

A

A + B –> AB

41
Q

Using ABCD, demonstrate an exchange reaction

A

AB + CD –> AD + CB

42
Q

An inorganic compound is an ______ compound that usually doesn’t contain ______ or ______

A

ionic, Carbon, Hydrogen

43
Q

An organic compound is a ______ compound that usually contains ______ or ______

A

molecular, Carbon, Hydrogen

44
Q

Using AB, demonstrate a reversible reaction

A

A + B ⇄ AB

45
Q

What is the macromolecule polymer of nucleotides?

A

Nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)

46
Q

What are 4 key differences between mitosis and meiosis?

A
  • Somatic cells vs sex cells
  • 2 daughter cells identical to parent vs 4 daughter cells non-identical to parent
  • Ploidy maintained vs ploidy reduced by 1/2
  • 1 division cycle vs 2 division cycles
47
Q

A ______ dissolves in a _______ to form a solution

A

solute, solvent

48
Q

Electrolyte are ______ ______ in water that conduct _______

A

charged ions, electricity

49
Q

Osmotic pressure (OP) is the:

A

Amount of solute in the solvent

50
Q

Hydrophobic means that it is ______ in water

A

insoluble

51
Q

Hydrophilic means that it is _____ in water

A

soluble

NURS 106 (22 decks)

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