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NURS 106 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Glands secrete ____ that travel through blood to ____ cells which have specific ____

A

hormones, target, receptors

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2
Q

What are the 2 general chemical categories of hormones?

A

Hydrophilic & lipophilic

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of hydrophilic hormones?

A

Peptide hormones & catecholamines

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4
Q

Peptide hormones are chains of ____ ____ while catecholamines are ____

A

amino acids, cholesterol

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of lipophilic hormones?

A

Steroid & thyroid hormone

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6
Q

What are the 3 methods that hormones can influence other hormones?

A
  • Permissiveness
  • Synergism
  • Antagonism
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7
Q

Describe permissiveness

A

One hormone must be adequately present for full exertion of another hormone’s effect

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8
Q

Describe synergism

A
  • Complimentary action of several hormones

- Combined effect > sum of separate effects

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9
Q

Describe antagonism

A

Hormones working against each other

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10
Q

The posterior pituitary gland is also known as ___hypophysis while the anterior is also known as ___hypophysis

A

neuro, adeno

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11
Q

The posterior pituitary gland is composed of what type of tissue?

A

Nervous

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12
Q

What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary gland store & release?

A

ADH (vasopressin) & oxytocin

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13
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

Conserve water during urine formation

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14
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

Stimulates uterine contraction during birth + milk secretion during breast-feeding

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15
Q

The anterior pituitary gland is composed of what type of tissue?

A

Glandular epithelial

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16
Q

What 6 hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

A
  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • Growth hormone
  • LH
  • FSH
  • Prolactin
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17
Q

What are the 2 pituitary glands regulated by?

A

Hypothalamus

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18
Q

What are 2 disorders related to ADH secretion?

A

SIDAH & diabetes insipidus

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19
Q

Diabetes insipidus is ___secretion of ADH while SIDAH is ___secretion of ADH

A

hypo, hyper

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20
Q

Where is the thyroid gland?

A

In the neck

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21
Q

Describe the structure of the thyroid gland?

A

2 lobes joined in the middle

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22
Q

The thyroid is made of ____ cells and _ cells

A

follicular, C

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23
Q

What 2 thyroid hormones do the follicular cells produce?

A

§ Tetraiodothyronine (T4 or thyroxine) & Tri-iodothyronine (T3)

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24
Q

What do C cells secrete?

A

Calcitonin

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25
Q

Thyroid hormone is ___philic

A

lipo

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26
Q

What is the general function of thyroid hormone?

A

Alter protein synthesis in target cell

27
Q

What are 4 specific effects of thyroid hormone?

A
  • Effect metabolic rate & heat production (calorigenic)
  • Body growth (GH)
  • Nervous system growth & normal function
  • Sympathomimetic effect
28
Q

What are 4 abnormalities of thyroid function?

A
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Cretinism
  • Myxedema
  • Hyperthydroidism
29
Q

What are 3 potential causes of hypothyroidism?

A
  • Primary failure of thyroid gland
  • Secondary deficiency of TRH and/or TSH
  • Insufficient supply of iodine
30
Q

What causes cretinism?

A

Hypothyroidism from birth

31
Q

What is the treatment for myxedema?

A

Replacement therapy + dietary iodine

32
Q

What causes hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s disease

33
Q

What ion does parathyroid hormone increase levels of in the plasma?

A

Calcium

34
Q

What are the effects of parathyroid hormone of the bones, kidneys and intestine

A
  • Bones: bone dissolution
  • Kidneys: conserve Ca2+ & eliminate PO4
  • Intestine: promotes absorption of Ca + PO4
35
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

Above each kidney in a capsule of fat

36
Q

What are the 2 components of an adrenal gland from outer most to inner most?

A

Adrenal cortex & adrenal medulla

37
Q

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Zona glomerulosa
  • Zona fasciculata
  • Zona reticularis
38
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)

39
Q

Aldosterone is synergistic with which other hormone?

A

ADH

40
Q

What does the zona fasciculata secrete?

A

Cortisol (glucocorticoids)

41
Q

What are 4 metabolic effects that cortisol has?

A
  • Survival during fasting
  • Stimulates gluconeogenesis
  • Stimulates protein degradation
  • Facilitates lipolysis
42
Q

Hypersecretion of cortisol can lead to:

A

Cushing’s syndrome

43
Q

Hyposecretion of cortisol can lead to:

A

Addison’s disease

44
Q

What does the zona reticularis secrete?

A

DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)

45
Q

What is DHEA?

A

An adrenal sex hormone

46
Q

Is DHEA significant in males or females?

A

Females

47
Q

What is the function of DHEA in females?

A
  • Growth of pubic + axillary hair
  • Enhancement of pubertal growth spirt
  • Development & maintenance of female sex drive
48
Q

In general, what type of hormone does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Steroid hormones

49
Q

What hormone does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Catecholamines (epinephrine + norepinephrine)

50
Q

What are the 3 functions of catecholamines?

A
  • Fight-or-flight responses
  • Maintenance of arterial BP
  • Increases blood glucose and blood fatty acids
51
Q

Where is the pancreas?

A

In the abdomen, behind the stomach

52
Q

What are the 4 endocrine cells (islets of langerhans) found in the pancreas?

A
  • Beta cells
  • Alpha cells
  • Delta cells
  • PP cells
53
Q

What is the function of the B cells?

A

Site of insulin synthesis + secretion

54
Q

What is the function of A cells?

A

Produce glucagon

55
Q

What is the function of D cells?

A

Site of somatostatin synthesis

56
Q

What event is a release of D cells in direct response to?

A

Increase of blood sugar + amino acids during absorption of meal

57
Q

What is the function of PP cells?

A

Secrete polypeptide

58
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Promotes absorption of glucose

59
Q

Diabetes insipidus is an insufficiency of ___ while diabetes mellitus is an insufficiency of ___

A

ADH, insulin

60
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

Epithalamus

61
Q

Where is the thymus gland located?

A

Upper front part of the chest, behind the sternum and in front of the heart

62
Q

What is the function of the thymus gland?

A

Site of T cell maturation (adaptive immune system)

63
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Produces melatonin (regulates sleep cycles)

NURS 106 (22 decks)

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