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NURS 106 > Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Cytology is the study of:

A

Cells

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2
Q

Somatic cells are

A

All body cells except sex cells

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3
Q

Examples of sex cells are

A

Sperm, oocytes

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4
Q

The functions of the cell membrane are:

A
  • To separate the cell from extracellular fluid
  • Control the exchange of matter
  • Provide structural support
  • Detect change through receptors
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5
Q

The function of cholesterol in the cell membrane is:

A

Support the membrane to stay firm but flexible

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6
Q

Generally, proteins are able to drift around the cell membrane, this is called ____ ____

A

membrane flow

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7
Q

Some proteins are confined to specific areas on the membrane called ____

A

rafts

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8
Q

Integral proteins can be found:

A

Embedded within the membrane

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9
Q

Peripheral proteins can be found:

A

Bound to either the inner or outer surface

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10
Q

The function of carrier proteins are to:

A

Transport specific solutes across the membrane

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11
Q

The function of anchoring proteins are to:

A

Stabilize structures

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12
Q

The function of recognition proteins are to:

A

Identify and label cells that are either normal or abnormal

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13
Q

The function of receptor proteins are to:

A

Bind and respond to ligands (specific ions or hormones)

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14
Q

The function of protein channels are to:

A

Regulate water, ion and other small solutes flow

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15
Q

The function of gated protein channels are to:

A

Open/close for specific solutes

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16
Q

Membrane-bound enzymes ____ reaction by ____ the required activation energy

A

catalyze, lowering

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17
Q

Describe the characteristics of a tight junction

A
  • Membranes are tightly joined and fused together

- Highly selective barrier

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18
Q

Describe the characteristics of a desmosome

A
  • Anchoring junction that is most common in the body

- Consist of plaque & strong filaments

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19
Q

Tight junctions can be found in:

A

Epithelial tissue

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20
Q

Desmosomes can be found in:

A

Skin, cardiac muscle, lining of uterus

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21
Q

Describe the characteristics of gap junctions:

A
  • Communicating junction that has a channel between the membranes
  • Linked by connexons
  • Allow ions + small water soluble molecules to pass
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22
Q

Gap junctions can be found in:

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle

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23
Q

Glycocalyx is a:

A

membrane carbohydrate

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24
Q

The function of glycocalyx is:

A
  • Lubricate + protect the membrane
  • Anchor cell in place and locomotion
  • Receptor for binding
  • Recognition for immune response
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25
Q

Microvilli contain:

A

Microfilaments

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26
Q

Microvilli are ____ of the membrane that ____ surface area for ____ of nutrients

A

Extensions, increase, absorption

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27
Q

Cilia contain:

A

Microtubules

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28
Q

The two types of cilia are:

A

Primary and motile cilia

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29
Q

The function of primary cilia are to:

A

Act as a sensor

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30
Q

The function of motile cilia are to:

A

Move materials over the surface of the cell

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31
Q

The cell membrane is a ____ bilayer

A

phospholipid

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32
Q

The three components of cytoplasm are:

A

Cytsol, organelles, inclusions

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33
Q

The four non-membranous organelles are:

A

Cytoskeleton, centrosomes & centrioles, ribosomes, and proteasomes

34
Q

The six membranous organelles are:

A

Endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria

35
Q

The function of the cytoskeleton is:

A
  • Provide strength support to the cell

- Move cellular structures + materials

36
Q

The components of the cytoskeleton are:

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, cilia, flagella

37
Q

Microfilaments are made of ____ and attach the membrane to the ____

A

actin, cytoplasm

38
Q

Intermediate filaments are found between ____ and ____

A

microfilaments, microtubules

39
Q

Microtubules are made of ____ and extend from the ____

A

tubulin, centrosome

40
Q

The function of intermediate filaments are to:

A

Stabilize the position of organelles and the cell

41
Q

The function of microtubules are to:

A

Move chromosomes during cell division

42
Q

The function of centrosomes and centrioles are to:

A

Move chromosomes during cell division

43
Q

Ribosomes are the site of ____ synthesis

A

protein

44
Q

The function of proteasomes are:

A

The breakdown and recycling of damaged proteins

45
Q

The ER is composed of tubes and chambers called:

A

Cisternae

46
Q

The 4 functions of the ER are:

A
  • Synthesis of protein, carbohydrates + lipids
  • Store synthesized products
  • Transport molecules within ER
  • Detoxification of drugs/toxins
47
Q

The function of the rough ER is:

A
  • Modify synthesized proteins

- Send proteins to Golgi apparatus in transport vesicles

48
Q

The function of the smooth ER:

A

Synthesize phospholipids + cholesterol

49
Q

The function of the Golgi apparatus is:

A
  • Storage, alteration, and packaging of hormones, enzymes. and lysosomes
  • Add/remove carbohydrates to/from protein
  • Modifies membrane
50
Q

The function of lysosomes are:

A

To remove damaged organelles and pathogens

51
Q

Lysosomes are:

A

Vesicles containing digestive enzymes

52
Q

Describe autolysis

A

Occurs when the regulatory mechanism for lysosomes is damaged and the lysosomes disintegrate, causing the digestive enzymes to be released into the cytoplasm and destroy the cell’s organelles

53
Q

The function of peroxisomes are:

A
  • The catabolize of fats + other organic compounds

- Neutralizes toxic by-products (hydrogen peroxide) formed during catabolism

54
Q

The function of mitochondria are to:

A

Produce ATP

55
Q

The function of the nucleus is:

A

Control of metabolism, protein synthesis & storage and processing of genetic info.

56
Q

Vaults are large ribonucleoproteins, what is their function?

A
  • Nuclear-cytoplasmic transport
  • mRNA localization
  • Drug resistance
  • Cell signalling
57
Q

The function of inclusions are:

A

Storage of nutrients in membrane bound vacuoles

58
Q

The three types of cell adhesions are:

A

Tight junction, desmosome, gap junction

59
Q

Describe passive (simple) diffusion

A

Lipid-soluble substances moving down the concentration gradient

60
Q

When is assisted membrane transport used?

A

When molecules (large, non-lipid soluble) can’t cross the plasma membrane on their own so the cell needs to provide them a mechanism to do so.

61
Q

What are the five factors that influence rate of diffusion?

A

Distance, molecule size, temperature, concentration gradient, electrical gradient

62
Q

Secondary active transport means it gets its energy _________ from ATP.

A

indirectly

63
Q

What is the formula for net diffusion?

A

(Diffusion from A to B) - (Diffusion from B to A)

64
Q

Osmotic pressure is:

A

The force of water moving into an area with high solute concentration

65
Q

What are the 2 types of secondary active transport?

A

Co-transport & counter-transport.

66
Q

Passive carrier-mediated transport facilitates the transfer of a substance cross the membrane ____ the concentration gradient and ______ require energy.

A

with, doesn’t

67
Q

Co-transport means that 2 molecules are moving in the ____ direction across the membrane.

A

same

68
Q

Counter-transport means 2 molecules are moving in ________ directions across the membrane.

A

opposite/different

69
Q

Describe filtration

A

Transport of water and molecules due to hydrostatic pressure

70
Q

Describe osmosis

A

Movement of water down the concentration gradient

71
Q

What are 3 important characteristics of carrier-mediated diffusion?

A
  1. Specificity (specific substances need specific carriers)
  2. Saturation (there are a limited number of carriers)
  3. Competition (more than 1 substance using the same carrier)
72
Q

Vesicular transport is an ______ form of membrane transport and ____ energy.

A

active, uses/needs

73
Q

Exocytosis is where a substance is taken ___ of a cell.

A

out

74
Q

What are the 3 types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis & receptor-mediated.

75
Q

Exocytosis is where a substance is taken ___ of a cell.

A

out

76
Q

Hydrostatic pressure is:

A

The force of water moving out of an area with low solute concentration

77
Q

Define tonicity

A

The concentration of solute in the extracellular fluid and how it effects the volume/shape of a cell

78
Q

In an isotonic solution, the cell volume:

A

Remains constant

79
Q

In a hypotonic solution, which contains ____ solute, the cell volume ____

A

less, increases

80
Q

In a hypertonic solution, which contains ____ solute, the cell volume ____

A

more, decreases

NURS 106 (22 decks)

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