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NURS 106 > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of vessel walls from innermost to outermost?

A
  • Tunica interna
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica externa
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2
Q

What type of tissue is tunica interna compose of?

A

Simple squamous epithelium + thin layer of connective tissue

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3
Q

Which layer of the vessel wall is the thickest?

A

Tunica media

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4
Q

Why layer of the vessel wall attaches vessel to surrounding connective tissue?

A

Tunica externa

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5
Q

What is the tunica media composed of?

A

Elastic fibers + smooth muscle

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6
Q

____ carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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7
Q

____ carry blood towards the heart

A

Veins

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8
Q

Walls of arteries are ____ than veins

A

thicker

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of arteries?

A
  • Elastic arteries
  • Muscular arteries
  • Arterioles
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10
Q

Arterioles carry blood from ____ arteries to the capillaries

A

muscular

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11
Q

Tunica media of arterioles have ____ smooth muscle

A

less

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12
Q

Arterioles branch further into:

A

metarterioles

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13
Q

What are capillary beds?

A

Networks of capillaries that connect metarterioles to venules

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14
Q

What is the opening of each capillary controlled by?

A

Precapillary sphincter

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15
Q

Is the precapillary sphincter solely locally controlled?

A

No

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16
Q

Where can capillaries be found?

A

Near every cell in the body but ore extensive in highly active tissue (muscle, liver, kidneys, brain)

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17
Q

Where can capillaries not be found?

A

Epithelia, cornea and lens of eye, cartilage

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries

A
  • Continuous
  • Fenestrated
  • Sinusoids
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19
Q

What is the difference between the 3 types of capillaries?

A
  • Continuous (no holes)
  • Fenestrated (some holes)
  • Sinusoids (many holes)
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20
Q

What are 4 mechanisms through which exchange in capillaries can occur>

A
  • Hydrostatic pressure
  • Diffusion across endothelial cells
  • Diffusion through gaps in endothelium
  • Diffusion through pores
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21
Q

Venules carry blood from ____ to larger ____

A

capillaries, veins

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22
Q

Venules lack tunica ____

A

media

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23
Q

How do veins counteract the fact that BP is too low to overcome gravity?

A

Venous valves and skeletal muscle pump the blood back to the heart

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24
Q

____ contain 2/3 of the total blood volume in the body while ____ and ____ contain 1/3

A

Veins, arteries, capillaries

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25
Q

Rate of blood flow is ____ proportional to pressure gradient and ____ proportional to vascular resistance

A

directly, inversely

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26
Q

Rate of blood flow is directly proportional to ____ ____ and inversely proportional to ____ ____

A

pressure gradient, vascular resistance

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27
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

Measure of opposition of blood flow through a vessel

28
Q

What are the 3 things resistance id dependent on?

A
  • Blood viscosity
  • Vessel length
  • Vessel radius
29
Q

What is arterial blood pressure?

A

Force exerted by blood against a vessel wall

30
Q

What are 2 things BP is dependent on?

A
  • Volume of blood

- Compliance of vessel walls

31
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Peak pressure exerted by ejected blood against vessel walls during systole

32
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

Minimum pressure in arteries when blood is draining

33
Q

What is the average BP?

A

120/80

34
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Pressure difference between systole and diastole

35
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

Average pressure responsible for driving blood forward into the tissues throughout cardiac cycle

36
Q

How do you 2 ways calculate MAP?

A
  • Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

- Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

37
Q

Describe vasodilation

A

Enlargement in circumference + radius of vessel

38
Q

Describe vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of vessel

39
Q

What is the baroreceptor reflex?

A

Monitoring of BP

40
Q

What is hypertension?

A

BP > 140/90

41
Q

What is hypotension

A

BP < 100/60

42
Q

What are the 2 types of hypertensions?

A
  • Primary hypertension

- Secondary hypertension

43
Q

What are 4 potential causes of primary hypertension

A
  • Defective salt management in kidneys
  • Excessive sale intake
  • Family history
  • Lifestyle behavior
44
Q

What are 2 examples of secondary hypertension?

A
  • Renal hypertension

- Endocrine hypertension

45
Q

What are 2 potential causes of hypotension?

A
  • Insufficient blood to fill vessels

- Heart too weak to pump blood

46
Q

What is orthostatic (postural) hypotension?

A

Transient hypotensive condition due to inability to respond to gravitational shifts

47
Q

What is edema?

A

Abnormal increase in interstitial fluid

48
Q

What are 2 potential causes of edema from excess filtration?

A
  • Increased BP in hydrostatic pressure at arteriolar end

- Increased permeability of capillaries

49
Q

What is 1 potential cause of edema from inadequate reabsorption?

A

Decrease concentration of plasma proteins

50
Q

What are the 2 arteries that branch off the ascending aorta?

A

Left & right coronary arteries

51
Q

What are the 3 vessel branching off the aortic arch?

A
  • Brachiocephalic trunk
  • Left common carotid
  • Left subclavian arteries
52
Q

What does the brachiocephalic trunk divide into?

A

Right common carotid and right subclavian artery

53
Q

What 2 aortas branch off the descending aorta?

A

Thoracic & abdominal aorta

54
Q

What does the abdominal aorta branch into?

A

Left & right iliac arteries

55
Q

Where are 7 potential pulse taking sites?

A
  • Carotid
  • Brachial
  • Radial
  • Femoral
  • Popliteal
  • Dorsalis pedis
  • Posterior tibialis
56
Q

What is a venipuncture?

A

Puncturing of veins for blood draws or IV starts

57
Q

How does blood flow to the placenta?

A

Umbilical cord through umbilical arteries

58
Q

How does blood return from placenta?

A

Umbilical vein that drains into ductus venosus

59
Q

What is the foramen ovvale?

A

Interatrial opening

60
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A

Vessel connecting pulmonary trunk to aorta

61
Q

What is a major cardiovascular change at birth?

A

When a newborn breathes for the first time, the lungs expand

62
Q

What is patent foramen ovale?

A

Blood recirculates through pulmonary circuit instead of entering left ventricle

63
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Rise in pressure in pulmonary circuit

64
Q

What is ventricular septal defect?

A

Openings in interventricular septum

65
Q

What is transposition of great vessels?

A

Aorta is connected right ventricle, pulmonary artery is connected to left ventricle

NURS 106 (22 decks)

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