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NURS 106 > Intro to Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Intro to Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy is the study of:

A

Internal & external body structures and their physical relationships with other body parts

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2
Q

Physiology is the study of:

A

How living organisms perform their vital functions

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3
Q

The 6 levels of organization in the human body are from simplest to most complex are:

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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4
Q

Atoms are the______ unit of ______

A

smallest, matter

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5
Q

Cells are the smallest _____ unit

A

living

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6
Q

A tissue is a group of ______ working together to perform a ______ ______

A

cells, specific function

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7
Q

An organ is a group of ______ working together to perform a ______ ______

A

tissues, specific function

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8
Q

The 12 principle systems of the human body are:

A

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, male reproductive, female reproductive

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9
Q

The major organs of the integumentary system are:

A

Skin, hair, sweat glands, nails

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10
Q

The major organs of the skeletal system are:

A

Bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow

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11
Q

The major organs of the muscular system are:

A

Skeletal muscles and associated tendons

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12
Q

The major organs of the nervous system are:

A

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

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13
Q

The major organs of the endocrine system are:

A

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems

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14
Q

The major organs of the cardiovascular system are:

A

Heart, blood, blood vessels

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15
Q

The major organs of the lymphatic system are:

A

Spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils

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16
Q

The major organs of the respiratory system are:

A

Nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aveoli

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17
Q

The major organs of the digestive system are:

A

Teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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18
Q

The major organs of the urinary system are:

A

Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

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19
Q

The major organs of the male reproductive system are:

A

Testes, epididymis, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum

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20
Q

The major organs of the female reproductive system are:

A

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands

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21
Q

Describe the anatomical position.

A

Standing upright, facing the observer, hands at the sides, palm facing forward, and feet area together

22
Q

Superior means

A

Towards the head

23
Q

Inferior means

A

Away from the head

24
Q

What is feedforward?

A

When the body anticipates change

25
Q

Anterior (ventral) means

A

Front of the body

26
Q

Posterior (dorsal) means

A

Back of the body

27
Q

Medial means

A

Closer to the midline

28
Q

Lateral means

A

Farther from the midline

29
Q

Proximal means

A

Closer to the point of attachment of limb to body

30
Q

Distal means

A

Farther from the point of attachment of limb to body

31
Q

Flexion is movement in the ______ plane that ______ the angle between the bones

A

sagittal, decreases

32
Q

Extension is movement in the ______ plane that ______ the angle between the bones

A

sagittal, increases

33
Q

Abduction is movement _____ from the midline

A

away

34
Q

Adduction is movement ______ the midline

A

toward

35
Q

What does the effector do in a feedback system?

A

Responds to the commands of the control centre

36
Q

Negative feedback loops try to ________ change by ________ the initial stimulus and _______ values in the normal range

A

Minimize, negating, keeping

37
Q

Describe the 2 mechanisms of homeostasis

A
  1. Autoregulation (intrinsic) regulation: adjustment in response to stimuli WITHOUT neural/endocrine control
  2. Extrinsic regulation: adjustment to changes by activity of nervous/endocrine systems
38
Q

Explain what homeostasis is

A

The ability of a cell or organism to regulate its internal conditions, typically through feedback systems

39
Q

Explain what homeostatic regulation is

A

Adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis

40
Q

What does the control centre do in a feedback system?

A

Receives & processes information from receptor and sends out commands

41
Q

What does a sensor/receptor do in a feedback system?

A

Monitor a controlled physiological condition & detect stimuli or change

42
Q

What are the components of a feedback system?

A

Sensor/receptor

Control centre

Effector

43
Q

The cranial cavity contains these organs:

A

Brain, meninges of brain, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

44
Q

The spinal cavity contains these organs:

A

Spine and spinal cord

45
Q

The thoracic cavity contains these organs:

A

Lungs and heart

46
Q

The pelvic cavity contains these organs:

A

Bladder, anus, reproductive system

47
Q

The abdominal cavity contains these organs:

A

Kidneys, ureters, stomach, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

48
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity includes the ______ cavity and the ______ cavity

A

abdominal, pelvic

49
Q

The ventral body cavity includes the ______ cavity and the ______ cavity

A

thoracic, abdominopelvic

50
Q

The dorsal body cavity includes the ______ cavity and the ______ cavity

A

cranial, spinal

51
Q

Positive feedback loops __________ the initiating stimulus and _______ the its effect.

A

reinforce, amplify

NURS 106 (22 decks)

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