Intro to Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Anatomy is the study of:
Internal & external body structures and their physical relationships with other body parts
Physiology is the study of:
How living organisms perform their vital functions
The 6 levels of organization in the human body are from simplest to most complex are:
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Atoms are the______ unit of ______
smallest, matter
Cells are the smallest _____ unit
living
A tissue is a group of ______ working together to perform a ______ ______
cells, specific function
An organ is a group of ______ working together to perform a ______ ______
tissues, specific function
The 12 principle systems of the human body are:
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, male reproductive, female reproductive
The major organs of the integumentary system are:
Skin, hair, sweat glands, nails
The major organs of the skeletal system are:
Bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow
The major organs of the muscular system are:
Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
The major organs of the nervous system are:
Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
The major organs of the endocrine system are:
Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems
The major organs of the cardiovascular system are:
Heart, blood, blood vessels
The major organs of the lymphatic system are:
Spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
The major organs of the respiratory system are:
Nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aveoli
The major organs of the digestive system are:
Teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
The major organs of the urinary system are:
Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
The major organs of the male reproductive system are:
Testes, epididymis, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum
The major organs of the female reproductive system are:
Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands
Describe the anatomical position.
Standing upright, facing the observer, hands at the sides, palm facing forward, and feet area together
Superior means
Towards the head
Inferior means
Away from the head
What is feedforward?
When the body anticipates change
Anterior (ventral) means
Front of the body
Posterior (dorsal) means
Back of the body
Medial means
Closer to the midline
Lateral means
Farther from the midline
Proximal means
Closer to the point of attachment of limb to body
Distal means
Farther from the point of attachment of limb to body
Flexion is movement in the ______ plane that ______ the angle between the bones
sagittal, decreases
Extension is movement in the ______ plane that ______ the angle between the bones
sagittal, increases
Abduction is movement _____ from the midline
away
Adduction is movement ______ the midline
toward
What does the effector do in a feedback system?
Responds to the commands of the control centre
Negative feedback loops try to ________ change by ________ the initial stimulus and _______ values in the normal range
Minimize, negating, keeping
Describe the 2 mechanisms of homeostasis
- Autoregulation (intrinsic) regulation: adjustment in response to stimuli WITHOUT neural/endocrine control
- Extrinsic regulation: adjustment to changes by activity of nervous/endocrine systems
Explain what homeostasis is
The ability of a cell or organism to regulate its internal conditions, typically through feedback systems
Explain what homeostatic regulation is
Adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis
What does the control centre do in a feedback system?
Receives & processes information from receptor and sends out commands
What does a sensor/receptor do in a feedback system?
Monitor a controlled physiological condition & detect stimuli or change
What are the components of a feedback system?
Sensor/receptor
Control centre
Effector
The cranial cavity contains these organs:
Brain, meninges of brain, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
The spinal cavity contains these organs:
Spine and spinal cord
The thoracic cavity contains these organs:
Lungs and heart
The pelvic cavity contains these organs:
Bladder, anus, reproductive system
The abdominal cavity contains these organs:
Kidneys, ureters, stomach, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
The abdominopelvic cavity includes the ______ cavity and the ______ cavity
abdominal, pelvic
The ventral body cavity includes the ______ cavity and the ______ cavity
thoracic, abdominopelvic
The dorsal body cavity includes the ______ cavity and the ______ cavity
cranial, spinal
Positive feedback loops __________ the initiating stimulus and _______ the its effect.
reinforce, amplify
