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Undeleted > Thalamus > Flashcards

Thalamus Flashcards

0
Q

Motor specific nuclei of thalamus (2)

A 
Ventral lateral (VL)
Ventral anterior (VA)
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1
Q

Sensory specific nuclei of thalamus (4)

A 
Ventral posterolateral  (VPL)
Ventral posteromedial (VPM)
Lateral geniculate (LGN)
Medial geniculate
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2
Q

Association nuclei function: (3)

A
  1. Connect w/ association cortical areas
  2. Receive input from many other thalamic nuclei
  3. Connections w/ cortex that are not directly reciprocal
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3
Q

Association specific thalamic nuclei (2)

A

Mediodorsal nucleus

Pulvinar

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4
Q

Limbic specific nuclei

A 
Anterior group (AN)
Laterodorsal nucleus (LD)
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5
Q

Non-specific thalamic nuclei

A 
Midline nuclear group
Intralaminar group (centromedian nucleus)
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6
Q

Ventral posterolateral nucleus
Input:
Output:

A

Input: Spinothalamic = pain/temp, DCML = discriminative touch

Output: Reciprocally connected w/ postcentral gyrus (limb and trunk of somatosensory cortex)

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7
Q

Ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM)
Input:
Output:

A

Input:
Trigeminothalamic system: sensory from face
Taste from NTS via dorsal longitudinal fasciculus –>Medial, parvicellular portion of VPM (VPMpc)

Output:
VPM: Face portions of somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)
VPMpc: anterior part of insula (primary gustatory cortex)

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8
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
Input:
Output:

A

Input: Visual (optic tract) of contralateral visual field
Output: Primary visual cortex (V1) in occipital lobe (cuneus and lingual gyrus) via optic radiation

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9
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Magnocellular projections from layers ___ and ___ convey info about ____ from ____

A

Layers 1 and 2
Movement, depth and small differences in brightness
Retinal rods

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10
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Parvocellular projections from layers ___ to ___ convey ____ from ____

A

Layers 3-6
Fine details about form and color
Retinal cones

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11
Q

Inputs from temporal retina end (ipsilateral) end in layers ___

A

2, 3, 5

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12
Q

Inputs from nasal retina end (contralateral) end in layers ___

A

1, 4, 6

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13
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus
Input:
Output:

A

Input:
Auditory input from inferior colliculus

Output:
Auditory cortex in Heschl’s gyrus of temporal lobe via auditory radiations

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14
Q

Ventral lateral nucleus (VL)
Input:
Output:

A

Input:
Crossed output of cerebellar deep nuclei via thalamic fasciculus

Output:
Primary motor cortex in precentral gyrus

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15
Q

Ventral anterior nucleus (VA)
Input:
Output:

A

Input:
Inhibitory input from ipsilateral basal ganglia via thalamic fasciculus

Output:
Lateral part: trunk and limb regions of premotor cortex
Medial part: premotor, frontal eye fields, cingulate and parietal cortices

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16
Q

Lateral part of ventral anterior nucleus (VA) receives input from:

A

globus pallidus internal segment (GPi)

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17
Q

Medial part of ventral anterior nucleus (VA) receives input from:

A

Sustantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr)

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18
Q

Thalamc fasciculus is a composite bundle containing _____ fibers that is insinuated between ____ and ___.

A

Cerebellothalamic (Crossed)
Pallidothalamic (Uncrossed)

Thalamus, zona incerta

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19
Q

Basal ganglia disease on motor function are expressed (ipsilaterally/contralaterally)

A

Contralaterally

20
Q

Cerebellar disease are expressed (ipsilaterally/contralaterally)

A

Ipsilaterally

21
Q

Mediodorsal nucleus (MD)
Input:
Output:
Function:

A

Input:
Amygdala, olfactory cortex, ventral pallidum (basal forebrain)
Output:
Prefrontal cortex and limbic system
Function:
Attention, planning, organization, abstract thinking, multitasking, active memory

22
Q

Lesions affecting mediodorsal nucleus results in ____

A

apathy
memory changes
difficulty in switching tasks

23
Q

Pulvinar
Input:
Output:
Function:

A

Input:
Retina, superior colliculus, spinothalmic tract (indirectly)
Output:
Parietal, temporal, occipital lobes
Function:
Language processing, visual perception, pain perception

24
Q

Anterior group (AN)
Input:
Output:
Function:

A

Input:
Para-hippocampal region via fornix and mammillary bodies (mammillothalamic tract)
Cholinergic input from midbrain

Output: Cortex of cingulate gyrus

25
Q

Laterodorsal nucleus (LD)
Input:
Output:
Function:

A 
Input:
Parahippocampal region via fornix
Output:
Parietal cortex, retrosplenial cortex 
Function:
Spatial learning and memory
26
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome caused by:

A

Severe degenerative changes in anterior group

Changes in mammillary bodies

27
Q

Spatial and context-dependent memory formed from distributed neural system made from: (6)

A

anterior group, laterodorsal nucleus, mammillary bodies, fornix, mammillothalamic tract, cingulate and retrosplenial cortices

28
Q

Midline nuclear group
Input:
Output:
Function:

A

Input:
Pain-related info from midbrain PAG
Cholinergic elements of Ascending Reticular Activating System
Locus ceruleus (NE) and midbrain raphe (5-HT)
Output:
Diffusely to cortex and striatum
Thalamic paraventricular nucleus connected w/ suprachiasmatic nucleus
Function: General cortical arousal

29
Q

Intralaminar group (centromedian nucleus)
Input:
Output:
Function:

A 
Input:
non-reciprocal input from motor cortex
Cholinergic input from ARAS 
Output:
Reciprocally connected w/ striatum and basal ganglia
Function:
Attention to motor tasks
30
Q

Lesions of centromedian nucleus lead to ____

A

Unilateral motor neglect

31
Q

Thalamic relay neurons on burst mode are ____

Function:

A

Hyperpolarized, “de-inactivated”

Less able to pass incoming signal to cortex BUT maximized initial stimulus detection

32
Q

Thalamic relay neurons in tonic mode are ____

Function:

A

Depolarized

Better linear summation (pass signal to cortex) BUT poorer detectability for new stimuli

33
Q

Function of intralaminar thalamic cells

A

Hyperpolarize thalamic relay neurons via GABAb receptors –> primed for bursting activity

34
Q

Switch between burst mode and tonic mode is controlled by ___

A

Modulatory afferents to these cells = thalamic reticular nuclei (TRN) + feedback pathway from cortex

35
Q

Thalamic reticular nuclei (TRN) are innervated by ____

Involved in:

A

Cholinergic fibers of ARAS from midbrain

Coordinating information traffic from relevant sensory channels

36
Q

During slow-wave sleep, TRN keeps all thalamocortical neurons in ____ mode

A

burst –> can’t pass signals

37
Q

During wakefulness, TRN _____

A

selectively switches populations of relay neurons from burst to tonic mode

38
Q

Blood supply to thalamus is mostly from ____

A

Posterior cerebellar artery

39
Q

Infarct in inferolateral a. (branch of PCA) will cause (4):

A

Ataxia
Hemiparesis
Hemianesthesia
Hemihyperesthesia

40
Q

Infarct in the paramedian a. will cause (3):

A

Hemiparesis (motor neglect)
Memory/learning problems
Apathy

41
Q

Infarct in anterior (tuberothalmic) a. will cause (3):

A

Amnesia
Language difficulty
Euphoria/mood

42
Q

Contralateral hemianesthesia caused by:

A

VPL/VPM damages

43
Q

Contralateral hemianopsia (blindness) caused by:

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) damage

44
Q

Contralateral hemichorea caused by:

A

VA/VL damage

45
Q

Contralateral hemitremor and hemiataxia caused by:

A

VL damage

46
Q

Retrograde/anterograde amnesia caused by:

A

MD, midline nuclei

47
Q

Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome characterized by: (5)

A 
Hemi-ataxia
Hemi-tremor
Hemi-chorea
Hemi-anesthesia 2 pt touch
Hyperesthesia: exaggerated pain and temp.

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