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Undeleted > Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Hypothalamus Flashcards

0
Q

Lateral zone nuclei (2)

A

Tuberomammillary nucleus

Lateral mammillary nucleus

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1
Q

Medial zone nuclei of hypothalamus (6)

A 
Posterior 
Dorsomedial 
Paraventricular
Preoptic 
Ventromedial 
Arcuate 
Suprachiasmatic
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2
Q

Preoptic nucleus

A

Integrates sensory info needed to judge deviation from set points
Thermoregulation, salt water intake, sleep

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3
Q

Paraventricular nucleus

A

Directly interfacing w/ endocrine and autonomic systems

Has glucose-sensitive neurons

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4
Q

Supraoptic nuclei

A

Release vasopressin –> maintain salt and water balance

Has osmosensitive neurons

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5
Q

Generate circadian rhythms for hormone release –> body temp, sexual behavior, cycles of activity

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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6
Q

Sexually dimorphic nuclei
Location:
Contains:

A

Anterior hypothalamus, posterior to preoptic nucleus
Thermosensitive neurons
Involved in sexual orientation

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7
Q

Key player in feeding behavior

Appetite and consumption

A

Arcuate nucleus

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8
Q

Regulates satiety

A

Ventromedial nucleus

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9
Q

Regulates complex integrative control of growth, feeding, maturation, reproduction

A

Dorsomedial nucleus

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10
Q

All histaminergic axons in CNS originate from ____

A

Tuberomamillary nucleus of posterior hypothalamus

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11
Q

Histamine has important role in ____

A

maintenance of wakefulness, sleep, circadian rhythms

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12
Q

5 major bundles of white matter in hypothalamus

A 
Fornix
Mammillothalamic tract
Mammillotegmental tract
Medial forebrain bundle 
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
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13
Q

Fornix connects ____ to ____

A

Mammillary bodies

Hippocampal formation

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14
Q

Mammillothalamic tract connects ____ with ___

A

Mammillary bodies

Anterior thalamus

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15
Q

Mammillotegmental traact connects ____ with ____

A

Mammillary bodies

Dorsal midbrain

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16
Q

Degeneration of fornix and mamillary bodies seen in:

A

Chronic alcoholism

Amnesia and confusion (Korsakoff’s syndrome)

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17
Q

Medial forebrain bundle runs through _____

Connects ____ to ____ (4)

A

Lateral hypothalamus

Hypothalamus to brainstem (below), basal forebrain, amygdala, cortex (above)

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18
Q

Monoaminergic superhighway connecting brainstem to cortex and uses monoaminergic neurotransmitters

A

Medial forebrain bundle

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19
Q

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract runs from ____ to ____ via ____

A

Paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nuclei
Posterior pituitary
Pituitary stalk

20
Q

Tuberoinfundibular tract runs from ___ to ___

Dopamine released here regulates ___

A

Arcuate nucleus
Median eminence
Secretion of prolactin from anterior pituitary gland

21
Q

Bitemporal hemianopsia

A

Tunnel vision

1st reported clinical sign of hypothalamic and pituitary tumor

22
Q

Crossed optic nerve fibers in optic chiasm serve the ____

A

external (temporal) visual fields

23
Q

Main site where hormones, peptides and other signaling molecules cross blood brain barrier to reach hypothalamus

A

Median eminence

24
Q

Sensitive to CSF angiotensin II

A

Subfornical organ (SFO)

25
Q

Sensitive to serum osmolality

A

Vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (VOLT)

26
Q

Main hypothalamic nuclei that are connected directly with autonomic areas (4)

A

Paraventricular
Arcuate
Ventromedial
Lateral hypothalamus

27
Q

Major outputs of hypothalamus (3)

A

Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
Pre-ganglionic autonomic efferent neurons

28
Q

Releasing hormones are produced by _____ located in ____ (2)

A

Paravocellular/small neurosecretory cells

Paraventricular nucleus and scattered groups in medial and ventral hypothalamus

29
Q

Magnocellular neurons are located in the ____ nuclei (2)

Synthesize:

A

Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
Vasopressin –> water balance
Oxytocin –> milk release/uterine contraction

30
Q

Damage to pituitary stalk will sever _____

Result in ____

A

Hypothalmo-hypophyseal tract

Loss of vasopressin –> production of large volumes of weak urine by kidneys

31
Q

Hypothalamic output to parasympathetic pre-ganglionics in _____

A

Midbrain: Edinger-Westphal n.

Pons/medulla: salivatory nuclei, nucleus ambiguus, dorsal vagal nucleus and sacral cord (S2-4)

32
Q

Hypothalamic output to sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons in ___

A 
Spinal cord T1-L2
Adrenal medulla (T5-T11) --> control Epi and Norepi release
33
Q

Tract composed of diffuse brainstem pathway located in PAG and descending hypothalamic axons and ascending visceral sensory axons

A

Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

34
Q

Hypothalamospinal pathway passes through ___

Influence ____

A

Midbrain and pontine tegmentum
Lateral medulla in central tegmental tract

Blood pressure, sweating, vasoconstriction, release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

35
Q

Thermogenesis:

Lesion of anterior hypothalamus leads to ____

A

hyperthermia b/c loss of inhibitory control over thermogenesis

36
Q

Thermogenesis:

Lesion of posterior hypothalamus lead to ____

A

Hypothermia

Body temperature matching ambient temperature

37
Q

Febrile response mediated by _____

A

Neurons in medial preoptic area (MPOA) that are sensitive to circulating pyrogens

38
Q

Sleep:

Lesions of the anterior hypothalamus produce ____

A

insomnia

39
Q

Sleep:

Lesions to the posterior hypothalamus leads to ____

A

Profound state of sleepiness

40
Q

Central norepinephrine (increase/decrease) feeding

A

Increase

41
Q

Seratonin (increase/decrease) feeding

A

Decrease

42
Q

Lesions to ventromedial nucleus result in ____

A

uncontrollable eating

43
Q

Feeding:

Lesions to lateral hypothalamus result in ____

A

completely abolishing eating (aphagia) and drinking (adipsia)

44
Q

Feeding:

Lesions of medial hypothalamus (ventral part) result in ____

A

uncontrollable eating and drinking

45
Q

Salt/water intake:

Lesion to anterior hypothalamus will result ____

A

total loss of desire to drink

46
Q

Major source of descending control of blood pressure regulation

A

Rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) —> directly modulate baroreflx

47
Q

Hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis

A

Control onset of reproductive milestones and reproductive cycles

48
Q

____ is important for onset of puberty

A

Body mass (leptin)

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