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Undeleted > EBCP > Flashcards

EBCP Flashcards

1
Q

Incidence x duration

A

Prevalence

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2
Q

Incidence

A

of new cases in population at risk/unit time

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3
Q

Prevalence = incidence

A

Acute diseases

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4
Q

Prevalence > incidence

A

Chronic diseases

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5
Q

Quantitative measurement of disease

A

Morbidity

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6
Q

Quantitative measure of death

A

Mortality

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7
Q

Probability of developing a disease/complication within a given time interval

A

Risk

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8
Q

A variable or exposure that decreases the probability of developing a disease

A

Protective factor

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9
Q

Ratio of incidence rates in two groups being compared

A

Relative Risk (RR)

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10
Q

Relative Risk =

A

incidence of exposed group/incidence of non-exposed group

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11
Q

RR = 1

A

No difference in risk

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12
Q

RR > 1

A

factor increases risk

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13
Q

RR<1

A

Factor decreases risk

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14
Q

Looks for associations within a population at one point in time

A

Cross-sectional study

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15
Q

Estimates prevalence, but not incidence

A

Cross-sectional study

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16
Q

Uses odds ratio (OR)

A

Cross-sectional study, Case control

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17
Q

Starts with groups with a specified outcome and looks at associated exposures

A

Case control

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18
Q

Always retrospective

A

Case control

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19
Q

Starts with groups of specified exposure and looks at associated outcome

A

Cohort

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20
Q

May be retrospective or prospective

A

Cohort

21
Q

Uses relative risk ratio

A

Cohort

22
Q

Error that randomly varies from one measurement to another

A

Random errors: not accurate, not reliable

23
Q

Error that does not randomly vary, but moves measurements systematically away from their true value (bias)

A

Systematic errors: reliable but not accurate

24
Q

Precision. Data is reproducible. Related to random error.

A

Reliability

25
Q

Accuracy. Related to systemic error.

A

Validity

26
Q

Categorical variables

A

Place individuals into groups. Described using % or proportions

27
Q

Ordinal

A

Categorical variable: low, moderate, high

28
Q

Nominal

A

Categorical variable: have names, no order

29
Q

Dichotomous

A

Categorical variable: exactly 2 categories: yes or no

30
Q

Continuous variables

A

Described using measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and measures of variability (standard deviation/error)
Have numerical values for which arithmetic operations

31
Q

Normal distribution

A

Mean = median = mode: mean is good measure of clinical tendencies

32
Q

Right skew

A

mean > median > mode: median is good measure of clinical tendencies

33
Q

Left skew

A

mean < median < mode: median is good measure of clinical tendencies

34
Q

Bimodal distribution

A

Distribution with two peaks: modes are good measures of central tendency

35
Q

Standard error

A

SD/sqrt(n). Accounts for reliability of measurement.

36
Q

Assess statistical difference across groups

A

Chi-square

37
Q

Assess statistical difference across small groups

A

Fisher’s exact test

38
Q

Comparing 2 groups, if groups have normal distribution (uses means)

A

T-test

39
Q

Comparing 2 groups that do NOT have normal distribution (compares medians)

A

Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney

40
Q

Comparing 3 or more groups, does not require normal distributions

A

ANOVA

41
Q

Type 1 Error

A

Identify difference between the groups when one does not exist: Rejecting a null hypothesis in favor or alternative when NULL is actually TRUE

42
Q

Type 2 Error

A

Data fails to identify a difference between groups when one exists: Failing to reject the null hypothesis when the NULL is FALSE

43
Q

P-value

A

Probability that difference between groups is due to chance alone. P-value < 0.05 = reject null hypothesis, significant

44
Q

Alpha

A

Probability of committing a type 1 error.

45
Q

Beta

A

Probability of committing a type 2 error. Beta = 0.10 or 0.20

46
Q

Power

A

= 1 - beta. Probability of finding a difference between groups when a difference does exist = probability of rejecting the null hypothesis it is false

47
Q

If CI excludes 0, we can reject null hypothesis when null hypothesis =

A

Mean 1 = Mean 2. Alternative hypothesis: Mean 1 =/= Mean 2

48
Q

If CI excludes 1.00, we can reject the null hypothesis when null hypothesis =

A

RR=1, Proportion 1 = Proportion 2, Alternative hypothesis: RR =/= 1

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