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Undeleted > Organization of Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Organization of Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

0
Q

Bands of Baillarger are:

Present in layers:

A

Horizontal nyelinated fibers

4, 5

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1
Q

Pyramidal cells predominate in layers ___

A

3, 5

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2
Q

Order of layers of cortex (outside –> inside)

A 
Plexiform
Outer granule
Outer pyramidal
Inner granule
Inner pyramidal
Multiform
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3
Q

Short association fibers originate in layer ___

Connect neurons that:

A

2

Closely adjoining gyri of SAME lobe

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4
Q

Long association fibers originate in layer ___

Connect neurons that:

A

3

Widely separated cortical regions of the same hemisphere (connection b/w lobes)

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5
Q

Callosal fibers originate in layer ___
Connect:
Major examples:

A

3
Homologous parts of opposite hemispheres

Corpus callosum = all lobes except temporal
Anterior commissure = temporal lobe

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6
Q

Von Economo spindle neurons originate in layer ___ of _______ cortex Involved in:

A

5
Frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortex
Empathy, social awareness, self-control

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7
Q

Corticostriate, corticopontine, corticobulbar, corticospinal neurons originate in layer ___

A

5

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8
Q

Corticothalamic neurons orgininate in layer ___

A

6

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9
Q

Thalamocortical projections from SPECIFIC thalamic nuclei target layer ___

A

4

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10
Q

Thalamocortical projections from ASSOCIATION specific nuclei target layers ___

A

1, 3, 5

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11
Q

Local intrinsic pathways connect ___

A

layers

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12
Q

Local circuit pathways connect ____

A

columns

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13
Q

Primary neurons respond to ____

Most input from:

A

ONLY single modality: somatosensory, olfactory, auditory, visual, gustatory, motor

Specific thalamic nuclei

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14
Q

Secondary (belt) areas of cortex respond to ____

Input from:

A

Single modality but perform more complex processing

Primary nuclei and some specific thalamic nuclei

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15
Q

Association areas of cortex are located ____
Receive input from:
Promotes:

A

Between adjacent secondary areas

Multimodal thalamic input from association thalamic nuclei (pulvinar), primary and secondary cortices and brainstem

Complex integrative functions

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16
Q

Frontal association cortex function:

A

plans appropriate behavioral responses to stimuli

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17
Q

Parietal association cortex function:

A

Attends to complex stimuli in external and internal environment
How you fit into world that you’re sensing

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18
Q

Temporal association cortex function:

A

Identifies nature of such stimuli

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19
Q

Apraxia

A

Deficits in spatial and construction

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20
Q

Agnosia

A

Deficit in recognition and categorization

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21
Q

Left or right hemisphere?

Language function

A

Left

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22
Q

Left or right hemisphere?

Spatial functioning

A

right

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23
Q

Left or right hemisphere?

Non-verbal functions

A

Right

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24
Q

Left or right hemisphere?

Concerned w/ objects or entities

A

Left

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25
Q

Left or right hemisphere?

Emotions associated w/ verbal stimuli

A

Left

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26
Q

Left or right hemisphere?

Emotions associated w/ nonverbal stimuli

A

Right

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27
Q

Small lesions of V1 produce ___

Larger lesions produce ____

A

Scotomas in the opposite visual field

Loss of contralateral visual field quadrants: quadrantopsia

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28
Q

Dorsal V3 receive input from ____
Respond to ____
Concerned with:

A

V1 and V2
Large scale motion

Object and relative body motion
Placing objects in external space
COntrol of visually guided eye movements

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29
Q

Ventral V3 receives input from ___

Involved in:

A

V2

Object recognition

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30
Q

V4 is concerned in:

Output to:

A

assemblage of object representations

Posterior inferior temporal lobe

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31
Q

Left inferior temporal involved in:

A

Processing feature information (color, texture, shape)

Symbols associated with language (writing)

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32
Q

Alexia

A

unable to understand written words

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33
Q

Agraphia

A

Loss in ability to communicate through writing

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34
Q

Alexia with agraphia caused by:

A

LEFT posterior inferior temporal lobe lesion

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35
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to recognize objects, discriminate b/w simple geometric shapes and their orientation

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36
Q

Agnosia caused by:

A

Lesions of the ventromedial occipitotemporal cortex

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37
Q

Parietal eye fields function

A

Generate saccadic eye movements evoked by novel visual/auditory stimuli

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38
Q

Frontal eye fields function

A

Generate voluntary eye movements

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39
Q

V5 location:
Sends info to:
Involved in:

A

Posterior end of middle temporal gyrus
Frontal eye fields and posterior parietal cortex
Motion perception, assemblage of objects in visual space

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40
Q

Bilateral lesion of posterior parietal cortex near temporoparietooccipital junction causes:
Compromised by:
Deficits:

A

Balint’s syndrome
Watershed infarct b/w MCA/PCA –> posterior cortical atrophy

Simultanagnosia
Ocular apraxia
Optic ataxia

41
Q

Simultanagnosia

A

Inability to perceive more than single object at a time

42
Q

Ocular apraxia

A

absence or defect of controlled, voluntary and purposeful eye movement

43
Q

Optic ataxia

A

lack of coordination b/w visual inputs and hand movements –> inability to reach and grab objects

44
Q

Primary auditory cortex located in:

Inputs:

A

transverse temporal gyri (Heschl’s gyri)

Binaural input w/ contralateral dominance
Thalamic input from medial geniculate nuclei

45
Q

Left auditory cortex involved:

A

decoding temporal aspects of sounds (sequence, duration, intervals b/w sound)

46
Q

Right auditory belt cortex

A

Decodes spectral aspects of sounds (frequency, pitch, harmonics)
Predicts sound that should come next: filling in gaps

47
Q

Auditory processing

The further from primary cortex, the less the ____ but the higher the ____

A

acoustic sensitivity

selectively response to more complex stimuli

48
Q

Wernicke’s area is located (left/right) ____
Specialized in:
Active during:

A

Left posterior superior temporal gyrus
Decoding verbal information. Phonemic content
Gaps between speech sounds

49
Q

Damage to Wenicke’s area leads to

A

Sensory aphasia: Speech sounds fluent, effortless and melodic but is jumbled and unintelligible
Cannot express themselves meaningfully using language

50
Q

Similar area of Wernicke’s area on the right is involved in

A

Prsody: rhythms, intonations in normal speech

51
Q

Lesions to right posterior superior temporal gyrus lead to

A

sensory aprosodia: inability to detect prosodic elements (humor, sarcasm) in speech

52
Q

Ventral stream of auditory association pertains to:

Done by:

A

Recognition of words and their meaning

Lateral and inferior parts of the temporal lobe

53
Q

Dorsal stream of auditory association pertains to:

Done by:

A

Significance of location and motion of the sound source

Posterior parietal cortex function

54
Q

Left caudal parts of lateral and inferior temporal lobe important for:

A

retrieval of general names of objects

55
Q

Left anterior parts of lateral and inferior temporal lobe important for:

A

retrieval of proper nouns that denote unique entities (individuals, places)

56
Q

Lesions of left lateral and inferior temporal lobe lead to:

A

Anomia: naming defects w/ severity increasing with lesions closer to temporal pole

57
Q

Right lateral and inferior temporal lobe involved in:

A

Recognition of objects, retrieval on non-verbal information pertaining to these objects

58
Q

Medial temporal lobe includes (3)

Critical for: (3)

A

parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala

Memory formation, emotion, sexual behavior

59
Q

Agraphesthesia

A

Inability to recognize written letters or numbers traced on the skin

60
Q

Astereognosis

A

Inability to identify an object by active touch of the hands without other sensory input

61
Q

Lesions affecting the ventromedial parietal lobe lead to:

A

tactile agnosia: cannot recognize objects by touch or cannot name them

62
Q

Lesions affecting dorsomedial parietal lobe lead to:

A

Constructional apraxia: difficulty with simple drawings, assembling blocks

63
Q

Right inferior parietal lobule plays a critical role in:

A

Self-perception and position of body in external space

Visuospatial tasks and using spatial knowledge to perform complex tasks

64
Q

Damage to right inferior parietal lobule leads to ___

A

Hemispatial neglect: left side of bodyd ignored

Visual neglect of left visual field

65
Q

Left inferior parietal lobule involved in:

A

Language functions

66
Q

Lesions in left supramarginal gyrus (IPL) have:

A

impairments in verbal working memory

67
Q

Lesions of both supramarginal and angular gyri cause:

A

Agraphia: loss of ability to write
Acalculia: loss of ability to understand math
Finger agnosia: inability to distinguish own fingers and fingers of others

68
Q

Gerstmann’s syndrome

A

Agraphia + acalculia + finger agnosia + impaired verbal working memory

69
Q

Small lesions of V1 produce ___

Larger lesions produce ____

A

Scotomas in the opposite visual field

Loss of contralateral visual field quadrants: quadrantopsia

70
Q

Ventral V3 receives input from ___

Involved in:

A

V2

Object recognition

71
Q

V4 is concerned in:

Output to:

A

assemblage of object representations

Posterior inferior temporal lobe

72
Q

Left inferior temporal involved in:

A

Processing feature information (color, texture, shape)

Symbols associated with language (writing)

73
Q

Right inferior temporal involved in:

A

holistic non-verbal perception; face recognition

74
Q

Alexia

A

unable to understand written words

75
Q

Agraphia

A

Loss in ability to communicate through writing

76
Q

Alexia with agraphia caused by:

A

LEFT posterior inferior temporal lobe lesion

77
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to recognize objects, discriminate b/w simple geometric shapes and their orientation

78
Q

Agnosia caused by:

A

Lesions of the ventromedial occipitotemporal cortex

79
Q

Parietal eye fields function

A

Generate saccadic eye movements evoked by novel visual/auditory stimuli

80
Q

Frontal eye fields function

A

Generate voluntary eye movements

81
Q

V5 location:
Sends info to:
Involved in:

A

Posterior end of middle temporal gyrus
Frontal eye fields and posterior parietal cortex
Motion perception, assemblage of objects in visual space

82
Q

Bilateral lesion of posterior parietal cortex near temporoparietooccipital junction causes:
Compromised by:
Deficits:

A

Balint’s syndrome
Watershed infarct b/w MCA/PCA –> posterior cortical atrophy

Simultanagnosia
Ocular apraxia
Optic ataxia

83
Q

Simultanagnosia

A

Inability to perceive more than single object at a time

84
Q

Ocular apraxia

A

absence or defect of controlled, voluntary and purposeful eye movement

85
Q

Optic ataxia

A

lack of coordination b/w visual inputs and hand movements –> inability to reach and grab objects

86
Q

Primary auditory cortex located in:

Inputs:

A

transverse temporal gyri (Heschl’s gyri)

Binaural input w/ contralateral dominance
Thalamic input from medial geniculate nuclei

87
Q

Left auditory cortex involved:

A

decoding temporal aspects of sounds (sequence, duration, intervals b/w sound)

88
Q

Right auditory belt cortex

A

Decodes spectral aspects of sounds (frequency, pitch, harmonics)
Predicts sound that should come next: filling in gaps

89
Q

Auditory processing

The further from primary cortex, the less the ____ but the higher the ____

A

acoustic sensitivity

selectively response to more complex stimuli

90
Q

Wernicke’s area is located (left/right) ____
Specialized in:
Active during:

A

Left posterior superior temporal gyrus
Decoding verbal information. Phonemic content
Gaps between speech sounds

91
Q

Damage to Wenicke’s area leads to

A

Sensory aphasia: Speech sounds fluent, effortless and melodic but is jumbled and unintelligible
Cannot express themselves meaningfully using language

92
Q

Similar area of Wernicke’s area on the right is involved in

A

Prsody: rhythms, intonations in normal speech

93
Q

Lesions to right posterior superior temporal gyrus lead to

A

sensory aprosodia: inability to detect prosodic elements (humor, sarcasm) in speech

94
Q

Ventral stream of auditory association pertains to:

Done by:

A

Recognition of words and their meaning

Lateral and inferior parts of the temporal lobe

95
Q

Dorsal stream of auditory association pertains to:

Done by:

A

Significance of location and motion of the sound source

Posterior parietal cortex function

96
Q

Left caudal parts of lateral and inferior temporal lobe important for:

A

retrieval of general names of objects

97
Q

Left anterior parts of lateral and inferior temporal lobe important for:

A

retrieval of proper nouns that denote unique entities (individuals, places)

98
Q

Lesions of left lateral and inferior temporal lobe lead to:

A

Anomia: naming defects w/ severity increasing with lesions closer to temporal pole

99
Q

Right lateral and inferior temporal lobe involved in:

A

Recognition of objects, retrieval on non-verbal information pertaining to these objects

100
Q

Medial temporal lobe includes (3)

Critical for: (3)

A

parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala

Memory formation, emotion, sexual behavior

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