Test 2 Stuff I don't Remember Flashcards
What is meralgia paresthetica?
compression of lateral femoral cutaneous n –> causes numbness and tingling on anterolateral thigh
L2-L3
What muscles are activated in terminal swing?
Hamstrings (fire to keep your leg from kicking out too far)
What are type I synovial cells?
type a/macrophage-like
How will decreasing extracellular sodium levels affect the action potential graph?
decreasing extracellular Na reduces the driving force to pull Na into the cell –> peak is wider bc it takes more time to reach threshold
What percentage of the gate cycle is stance phase?
what is the sequence of movements?
60% heel strike (i contact) load response midstance terminal stance (heel off) preswing (toe off)
What is the entire gate cycle?
heel strike (initial contact) load response midstance terminal stance (heel off) preswing (toe off) terminal swing next heel strike
Where are the anterior and posterior divisions of the obturator n in the body?
Brevis sandwich!
anterior div goes on top of adductor brevis
posterior div goes under adductor brevis
Where is reticular CT found?
bone marrow
lymph nodes
spleen
Where are meissner’s corpuscles
dermal papillae just below the epidermis
Where are pacinian corpuscles?
in deeper dermis and hypodermis
What muscles and skin does the anterior obturator n innervate?
skin medial thigh
gracilis
adductor longus m
adductor brevis m
What direction do the proximal superficial inguinal LNs run?
What direction do the distal superficial inguinal LNs run?
horizontal inferior to inguinal L.
vertical on either side of great saphenous vein
Increase in what intracellular molecule in a muscle fiber causes tetany?
calcium
What is the resting membrane potential of smooth muscle?
-60 mv
What is the equilibrium potential of sodium?
+66 mv
How do you tell eccrine and apocrine sweat glands apart?
apocrine have much bigger lumen
What is the mortise perspective?
image of front of ankle w/ pt internally rotating ankle so you can see the tarsal bones better
What are the causes of carpal tunnel syndrome?
rheumatoid arthritis pregnancy lunate dislocation dialysis repetitive use
What is the most hydrated type of cell in ground substance?
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
if ion in > ion out, what is the log?
negative
What are the layers of the hair shaft from superficial to deep?
cuticle –> cortex –> medulla
medulla = middle
Where are the deep inguinal LNs?
on medial side of femoral vein (in empty space)
What is the equilibrium potential of potassium?
-91 mv
Where are langerhans cells found?
stratum spinosum of epidermis
What is the equation for driving force?
resting membrane potential - equilibrium potential of an ion = driving force
i ion in < ion out, what is the log?
positive
What type of collagen is in reticular fibers?
type 3
Using what type of stain can you not see osteons?
H&E stain
can see medullary cavity and cancellous bone
What muscles are activated in preswing (toe off)
iliopsoas
rectus femoris
What is the nernst equation?
equilibrium potential of an ion = 61.5/charge * log[out]/[in]
What are the long spiney parts of spongy bone that form the honey-comb shape?
trabeculae
What does the obturator n innervate before it divides into anterior and posterior divisions?
hip joint
obturator externus m
When ACh binds to a receptor on a muscle, what happens in regard to Na and K and their equilibrium potentials?
Na goes in cell
K goes out cell
cell depolarizes toward a point halfway between their respective equilibrium potentials
How do you tell mesenchyme apart from loose areolar CT?
mesenchyme stains lighter, won’t see collagen as much
what is a bone collar?
Cuff of periosteal bone that forms around the
diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model in
developing long bones
What are the 3 main groups of lymph nodes in the lower extremity?
popliteal LNs
superficial inguinal LNs = proximal and distal
Deep inguinal LNs
What is the resting membrane potential of neurons?
-60 to -70 mv
Where are merkel cells?
stratum basale of epidermis
What does the saphenous n run with when it enters and exits the adductor canal?
saphenous branch of descending genicular A
What intensity does the ACL look like on T2?
intermediate intensity
what does a positive driving force mean?
net efflux of ion (wants to go out of cell)
What muscles are activated during load response
triceps surae
quadriceps femoris
gluteus medius and minimus
What is the resting membrane potential of cardiac and skeletal muscle?
-80 to -90 mv
What is a jones fracture?
break btw base and middle part of 5th metatarsal
occurs when toes are pointed and foot bends inwards
how do you fall if you get a colles fracture?
FOOSH
wrist extended
Where would lymph from the foot drain?
popliteal nodes –> deep inguinal nodes –> external iliac nodes
How do you tell sebaceous glands apart from sweat glands?
sebaceous are near hair follicles, stain lightly, and you can’t see the lumen as much
What percentage of the gate cycle is the swing phase? What are the events in it?
40%
terminal swing
next heel strike
What is the equilibrium potential of Cl-?
-66.4
How do you fall if you get a smith’s fracture?
FOOSH
wrist flexed
What muscles are activated during heel strike/ initial contact?
glutes
tibialis anterior
What is the equilibrium potential of ca2+?
+123
What type of fibers surround adipocytes and hold them in place?
reticular fibers
What muscle does the posterior obturator n innervate?
adductor magnus adductor portion
what does a negative driving force mean?
net influx of ion (wants to go in cell)
What muscles are activated in next heel strike?
gluteus medius and minimus
triceps surae
What does the descending genicular a arise from?
femoral a
What cellular organelle is predominant in type A macrophage-like synovial cells?
What is the function of these cells?
lysosomes to clear articular cavity of debris
phagocytic cells that regulate inflammatory events
Where do free nerve endings in the skin terminate?
stratum granulosum
What are type II synovial cells?
type B/ fibroblast-like
What is the main storage form of energy in adipocytes?
triglycerides
Where do the inguinal (deep and superficial) LNs drain to?
external iliac LNs
What muscles are activated in terminal stance (heel off)
triceps surae
gluteus medius and minimus
What do you always check for if a child has a limp as a differential diagnosis?
avascular necrosis of the femur
What type of immune cell is housed in the sinuses of reticular fibers in lymph nodes?
macrophages
When someone has increased extracellular K+ levels, what happens to their Na+ voltage-gated channels to cause muscle weakness?
Na+ channels become closed due to depolarization
What are the zones of the epiphyseal plate?
(from superficial to deep) zone of reserve cartilage zone of proliferation zone of hypertrophy zone of calcification zone of resorption
What muscles are activated in midstance?
triceps surae
gluteus medius and minimus
What is the part of cartilage that allows it to bear weight/resist pressure?
What molecule helps do that?
extracellular water
glycosaminoglycans help bind that water
What muscle on the lateral side of the big toe inserts onto a sesamoid bone?
adductor hallucis
