Test 2 Stuff I don't Remember

Question 1

What is meralgia paresthetica?

Answer 1

compression of lateral femoral cutaneous n –> causes numbness and tingling on anterolateral thigh
L2-L3

Question 2

What muscles are activated in terminal swing?

Answer 2

Hamstrings (fire to keep your leg from kicking out too far)

Question 3

What are type I synovial cells?

Answer 3

type a/macrophage-like

Question 4

How will decreasing extracellular sodium levels affect the action potential graph?

Answer 4

decreasing extracellular Na reduces the driving force to pull Na into the cell –> peak is wider bc it takes more time to reach threshold

Question 5

What percentage of the gate cycle is stance phase?

what is the sequence of movements?

Answer 5

60%
heel strike (i contact) 
load response
midstance
terminal stance (heel off)
preswing (toe off)

Question 6

What is the entire gate cycle?

Answer 6

heel strike (initial contact)
load response
midstance
terminal stance (heel off)
preswing (toe off)
terminal swing
next heel strike

Question 7

Where are the anterior and posterior divisions of the obturator n in the body?

Answer 7

Brevis sandwich!
anterior div goes on top of adductor brevis
posterior div goes under adductor brevis

Question 8

Where is reticular CT found?

Answer 8

bone marrow
lymph nodes
spleen

Question 9

Where are meissner’s corpuscles

Answer 9

dermal papillae just below the epidermis

Question 10

Where are pacinian corpuscles?

Answer 10

in deeper dermis and hypodermis

Question 11

What muscles and skin does the anterior obturator n innervate?

Answer 11

skin medial thigh
gracilis
adductor longus m
adductor brevis m

Question 12

What direction do the proximal superficial inguinal LNs run?

What direction do the distal superficial inguinal LNs run?

Answer 12

horizontal inferior to inguinal L.

vertical on either side of great saphenous vein

Question 13

Increase in what intracellular molecule in a muscle fiber causes tetany?

Answer 13

calcium

Question 14

What is the resting membrane potential of smooth muscle?

Answer 14

-60 mv

Question 15

What is the equilibrium potential of sodium?

Answer 15

+66 mv

Question 16

How do you tell eccrine and apocrine sweat glands apart?

Answer 16

apocrine have much bigger lumen

Question 17

What is the mortise perspective?

Answer 17

image of front of ankle w/ pt internally rotating ankle so you can see the tarsal bones better

Question 18

What are the causes of carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer 18

rheumatoid arthritis
pregnancy
lunate dislocation
dialysis
repetitive use

Question 19

What is the most hydrated type of cell in ground substance?

Answer 19

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Question 20

if ion in > ion out, what is the log?

Answer 20

negative

Question 21

What are the layers of the hair shaft from superficial to deep?

Answer 21

cuticle –> cortex –> medulla

medulla = middle

Question 22

Where are the deep inguinal LNs?

Answer 22

on medial side of femoral vein (in empty space)

Question 23

What is the equilibrium potential of potassium?

Answer 23

-91 mv

Question 24

Where are langerhans cells found?

Answer 24

stratum spinosum of epidermis

Question 25

What is the equation for driving force?

Answer 25

resting membrane potential - equilibrium potential of an ion = driving force

Question 26

i ion in < ion out, what is the log?

Answer 26

positive

Question 27

What type of collagen is in reticular fibers?

Answer 27

type 3

Question 28

Using what type of stain can you not see osteons?

Answer 28

H&E stain | can see medullary cavity and cancellous bone

Question 29

What muscles are activated in preswing (toe off)

Answer 29

iliopsoas | rectus femoris

Question 30

What is the nernst equation?

Answer 30

equilibrium potential of an ion = 61.5/charge * log[out]/[in]

Question 31

What are the long spiney parts of spongy bone that form the honey-comb shape?

Answer 31

trabeculae

Question 32

What does the obturator n innervate before it divides into anterior and posterior divisions?

Answer 32

hip joint | obturator externus m

Question 33

When ACh binds to a receptor on a muscle, what happens in regard to Na and K and their equilibrium potentials?

Answer 33

Na goes in cell K goes out cell cell depolarizes toward a point halfway between their respective equilibrium potentials

Question 34

How do you tell mesenchyme apart from loose areolar CT?

Answer 34

mesenchyme stains lighter, won't see collagen as much

Question 35

what is a bone collar?

Answer 35

Cuff of periosteal bone that forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model in developing long bones

Question 36

What are the 3 main groups of lymph nodes in the lower extremity?

Answer 36

popliteal LNs superficial inguinal LNs = proximal and distal Deep inguinal LNs

Question 37

What is the resting membrane potential of neurons?

Answer 37

-60 to -70 mv

Question 38

Where are merkel cells?

Answer 38

stratum basale of epidermis

Question 39

What does the saphenous n run with when it enters and exits the adductor canal?

Answer 39

saphenous branch of descending genicular A

Question 40

What intensity does the ACL look like on T2?

Answer 40

intermediate intensity

Question 41

what does a positive driving force mean?

Answer 41

net efflux of ion (wants to go out of cell)

Question 42

What muscles are activated during load response

Answer 42

triceps surae quadriceps femoris gluteus medius and minimus

Question 43

What is the resting membrane potential of cardiac and skeletal muscle?

Answer 43

-80 to -90 mv

Question 44

What is a jones fracture?

Answer 44

break btw base and middle part of 5th metatarsal | occurs when toes are pointed and foot bends inwards

Question 45

how do you fall if you get a colles fracture?

Answer 45

FOOSH | wrist extended

Question 46

Where would lymph from the foot drain?

Answer 46

popliteal nodes --> deep inguinal nodes --> external iliac nodes

Question 47

How do you tell sebaceous glands apart from sweat glands?

Answer 47

sebaceous are near hair follicles, stain lightly, and you can't see the lumen as much

Question 48

What percentage of the gate cycle is the swing phase? What are the events in it?

Answer 48

40% terminal swing next heel strike

Question 49

What is the equilibrium potential of Cl-?

Answer 49

-66.4

Question 50

How do you fall if you get a smith's fracture?

Answer 50

FOOSH | wrist flexed

Question 51

What muscles are activated during heel strike/ initial contact?

Answer 51

glutes | tibialis anterior

Question 52

What is the equilibrium potential of ca2+?

Answer 52

+123

Question 53

What type of fibers surround adipocytes and hold them in place?

Answer 53

reticular fibers

Question 54

What muscle does the posterior obturator n innervate?

Answer 54

adductor magnus adductor portion

Question 55

what does a negative driving force mean?

Answer 55

net influx of ion (wants to go in cell)

Question 56

What muscles are activated in next heel strike?

Answer 56

gluteus medius and minimus | triceps surae

Question 57

What does the descending genicular a arise from?

Answer 57

femoral a

Question 58

What cellular organelle is predominant in type A macrophage-like synovial cells? What is the function of these cells?

Answer 58

lysosomes to clear articular cavity of debris | phagocytic cells that regulate inflammatory events

Question 59

Where do free nerve endings in the skin terminate?

Answer 59

stratum granulosum

Question 60

What are type II synovial cells?

Answer 60

type B/ fibroblast-like

Question 61

What is the main storage form of energy in adipocytes?

Answer 61

triglycerides

Question 62

Where do the inguinal (deep and superficial) LNs drain to?

Answer 62

external iliac LNs

Question 63

What muscles are activated in terminal stance (heel off)

Answer 63

triceps surae | gluteus medius and minimus

Question 64

What do you always check for if a child has a limp as a differential diagnosis?

Answer 64

avascular necrosis of the femur

Question 65

What type of immune cell is housed in the sinuses of reticular fibers in lymph nodes?

Answer 65

macrophages

Question 66

When someone has increased extracellular K+ levels, what happens to their Na+ voltage-gated channels to cause muscle weakness?

Answer 66

Na+ channels become closed due to depolarization

Question 67

What are the zones of the epiphyseal plate?

Answer 67

``` (from superficial to deep) zone of reserve cartilage zone of proliferation zone of hypertrophy zone of calcification zone of resorption ```

Question 68

What muscles are activated in midstance?

Answer 68

triceps surae | gluteus medius and minimus

Question 69

What is the part of cartilage that allows it to bear weight/resist pressure? What molecule helps do that?

Answer 69

extracellular water glycosaminoglycans help bind that water

Question 70

What muscle on the lateral side of the big toe inserts onto a sesamoid bone?

Answer 70

adductor hallucis