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HTHSCI 1D06 > Test 2: Encompassing Terms > Flashcards

Test 2: Encompassing Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Parts/functions of the motor system

A

Corticospinal tract: info from brain to body
Basal ganglia: motor subroutines
Cerebellum: modulates motor plans

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2
Q

Motor vs. sensory tracts

A

Motor: LMN to UMN. Corticospinal & corticobulbar.
Sensory: Afferent neuron, ascending tract, SS cortex. Spinothalamic & DCML.

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3
Q

Endogenous vs. Exogenous pain control

A

Endogenous: spinal cord gate, RFA (endorphins)
Exogenous: NSAIDs & Opiates

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4
Q

White matter vs. Grey matter

A

White: transmisssion, peripheral info.
Grey: central “H.” Neuron cell bodies, glial cell bodies.

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5
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Cluster of neurons found only on dorsal roots.

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6
Q

Spinal rami

A

Dorsal: deep back muscles, z-joints
Ventral: everything else

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7
Q

Defn. of plexus, types in body

A

Anterior rami merge together to form a network called a “plexus.” Cervical (C1-C4), brachial (C5-T1), lumbosacral (L2-S4)

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8
Q

Lateral horn

A

Carries ONLY sympathetic info, only found in thoracic region

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9
Q

Draw a full brachial plexus.

A

google it girl

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10
Q

Memory structures in the limbic system

A

Hippocampal formation (A = dentate gyrus, E = subiculum), anterior thalamus, hypothalamus (mamillary bodies)

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11
Q

Emotional/behavioral structures in the limbic system

A

Amygdala, dorsomedial thalamus, hypothalamus (ANS nuclei)

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12
Q

Cingulate lobe

A

Cingulate gyrus + parahippocampal gyrus. Responsible for both memory and emotion/behavior, connections, reality check.

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13
Q

Amygdala

A

Analyses anger and fear expressions, provides output for the thalamus –> SNS

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14
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

Thalamic relay, recollective memory, behavioral reactions.

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15
Q

Hippocampus

A

Who, what, where, when. Long-term memory, output to cortex via fornix.

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16
Q

Episodic memory

A

Medial temporal lobe. (thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus = papez circuit)

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17
Q

Semantic memory

A

Neocortex (auditory, somatosensory, visual cortex)

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18
Q

Procedural memory

A

Muscle memory: cerebellum & basal nuclei.

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19
Q

Feeding, Sexual, Motivation

A

Feeding: activate hypothalamic nuclei
Sexual: increase oxytocin from post. pituitary gland
Motivation: increase dopamine

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20
Q

Somatic motor system

A

Voluntary controlm one neuron from CNS to effort. Ach is the only neurotransmitter, only innervates skeletal muscle.

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21
Q

Autonomic motor system

A

Two neurons between CNS and effector. Ach only at first neuron, Ach/E/NE at second, innervates cardiac, smooth, glandular tissue.

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22
Q

Only sympathetic/sympathetic innervation…

A

Sympathetic: sweat glands, visceral arterioles, radial muscle.
Parasympathetic: Iris sphincter

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23
Q

Sympathetic output systems

A

Short preganglionic neuron, Ach used in ganglia, called nicotinic receptors. NE is used on effector (adrenergic receptors)

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24
Q

Parasympathetic output systems

A

Long preganglionic neuron, Ach used in ganglia, called nicotinic receptors, Ach used on effector (muscarinic receptor)

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25
Q

Cholinergic receptors.

A

Found in both ganglia, postganglionic parasympathetic effectors. 2 types: muscarinic (found on organs), nicotinic (found on ganglia). Short period of activation (Ach breaks down quick).

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26
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

Found only on sympathetic postganglionic target organs. 2 types: alpha (contract), beta (contract except cardiac). Long activation period.

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27
Q

Adrenergic Receptor subtypes

A

a1 = contract smooth muscle
a2 = clotting
b1 = contract heart muscle
b2 = relax bronchioles, uterus, arterioles
b3 = increase lipolysis

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28
Q

Adrenergic drugs

A

Beta blockers = for tachycardia, hypertension
Beta agonists = for asthma

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29
Q

HPA Axis

A

Overtakes after stress response. Includes hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland.

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30
Q

Layers of connective tissue on muscle

A

Endomysium, perimysium, fascicle, epimysium

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31
Q

Cross bridge cycling

A

When Ca2+ is added into a sarcomere, troponin (molecule on actin) bind and pulls tropomyosin (rope-like molecule on actin) away from the binding sites, allowing actin-myosin interactions. ATP then breaks the actin-myosin bond, cycle starts again.

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32
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Pores on muscle, allow action potential to enter and propogate down T-tubules, through terminal cisternae, then sarcoplasmic reticulum.

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33
Q

Receptors in sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

DHP (cork) and Ryanodine receptors. They open up concentration gradient from calcium storage in SR –> actin/myosin interaction.

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34
Q

Motor unit

A

One motor neuron & all the muscle fibers it innervates

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35
Q

Types of skeletal muscle fiber types in order of fast-to-slow recruitment.

A

Slow oxidative, fast oxidative-glycolytic, fast glycolytic

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36
Q

Factors of muscle force production

A

Muscle length, AP frequency, motor unit size, fiber types

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37
Q

3 types of joints, cartilage they have (if app.) and their sub-classes (if app.)

A

Fibrous (none)
Cartilaginous (hyaline & fibrocartilage). Synchondroses & symphyses.
Synovial (hyaline). Pivot, plane, hinge, ball & socket, condyloid, saddle.

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38
Q

4 factors of stability/motion in joints.

A

Shape/arrangement of articulating surfaces, tone/arrangement of surrounding muscles, ligaments crossing the joint, hormones.

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39
Q

5 tissue components that make up a joint, 3 types of inflammations.

A

Bones, ligaments/capsule, tendons/muscle, intra-articular structures, bursae.
Rheumatoid arthritis, bursitis, tenosynovitis

40
Q

4 cells types that maintain bones

A

Osteoprogenitor, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast

41
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hollow, fat (yellow marrow) filled portion of diaphysis in long bones

42
Q

Differences between compact/spongy bone.

A

Compact = superficial, strong, organized in osteons, protection/support.
Spongy = trabecular/cancellous bones, deep, filled with red marrow in metaphysis/epiphysis.

43
Q

Hormones involved in bone/calcium homeostasis

A

Calcitonin = + osteoblast
Parathyroid hormone = + osteoclast

44
Q

Name the six types of fractures and a short description of each.

A

Comminuted = 3+
Compression = crushed
Epiphyseal = epiphyseal separates from diaphysis
Depressed = bone pressed inward
Spiral = ragged break (twisted)
Green stick = incomplete

45
Q

Name the three types of cartilage and describe.

A

Hyaline = weak, abundant, flexibility
Elastic = elastic, strength
Fibro = shock absorber, collagen

46
Q

Name the 2 intra-articular structures + describe.

A

Discs/menisci = between bones, absorb shock/weight.
Labrum = deepen socket and improve bone contact.

47
Q

Name the 3 types of synovium + describe.

A

Synovial jts = synovial cavity filled with fluid, hyaline, simple or comp.
Bursae = sacs of synovial membrane, reduce friction
Tendon sheaths = wrap around tendons, parietal/visc layers

48
Q

Draw a brachial plexus with the special attachments.

A
49
Q

Anastosmosis in the hand

A

Deep palmar arch blood flow goes radial –> ulnar. Superficial is opposite direction.

50
Q

Name the 4 joints of the shoulder. Place an asterisk next to the ones that abduct the arm.

A

Gleno-humeral, acromioclavicular, scapulothoracic, sternoclavicular.

51
Q

Name the 4 extrinsic back muscles, innervation, and function.

A

Trapezius (accessory): scap elevation, depression, retract.
Lat dorsi (thoracodorsal): extend & adduct humerus
Rhomboids (dorsal scap): scap retract
Teres major (lower subscap): adduct, externally rotate arm

52
Q

Name the 4 rotator cuff muscles, innervation, function.

A

Supraspinatus (suprascap.): arm abduction
Infraspinatus (suprascap.): external rotation
Teres minor (axillary): external rotation
Subscapularis (subscap.): internal rotation

53
Q

Name the 3 pectoral muscles, innervation, function.

A

Pec Maj (lat/med pec N): arm flexion/adduction.
Pec Min (med pec N): scap prot.
Serratus Ant. (long thoracic N): scap prot.

54
Q

What are the 3 functions of the deltoid? Innervation

A

Deltoid = axillary N.
Flexion, extension, abduction.

55
Q

Name the 3 arm flexors, nerve, function.

A

All musculocutaneous.
Biceps brachii: supination/flexion
Coracobrachialis: arm flexion
Brachialis: elbow flexion

56
Q

Name the arm extensors, nerve, function.

A

Triceps (radial N). Arm extension (long head), elbow extension (all heads).

57
Q

Joints and ligaments of the elbow

A

Joints: Proximal radioulnar, humeroradial, humeroulnar (all cubital)
Ligs: Annular ligs, Radial collateral ligs, Ulnar collateral ligs

58
Q

4 Ligaments of the wrist

A

Radial collateral, ulnar collateral, radioulnar, radiocarpal

59
Q

Name the 5 superficial forearm flexors, which nerve innervates them.

A

all median unless *
pronator teres
flexor carpi ulnaris*
palmaris longus
flexor carpi radialis
brachioradialis*

60
Q

Name the 3 deep forearm flexors, which nerve innervates them.

A

all median unless *
flexor digitorum profundus*
flexor digitorum superficialis
pronator quadratus

61
Q

Name the 5 forearm extensors the nerve that innervates them.

A

All radial.
supinator
extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris
extensor carpi radialis

62
Q

Name the 4 outcropping muscles and the nerve that innervates them.

A

all radial.
abductor pollicus longus
extensor pollicus longus
extensor pollicus brevis
extensor indicis

63
Q

What is the mnemonic for carpal bones? Name all eight.

A

Some lovers try positions that they cannot handle.
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate.

64
Q

Lumbrical muscles

A

Digits 1/2 = median N
Digits 3/4 = ulnar N
flex/extend fingers

65
Q

Interossei muscles

A

Dorsal interossei = abduct digits 1-4
Palmar interossei = adduct digits 1-3

66
Q

Thenar & hypothenar muscles

A

Thenar = thumb muscles. Median & ulnar.
Hypothenar = pinky muscles. Ulnar.

67
Q

Carpal tunnel

A

floor = carpal bones
roof = flexor retinaculum
contents = median N, flexor digitorum sup/prof
Syndrome: thenar muscle weakness, pins and needles of digits 1-2.

68
Q

Thoracic cage

A

Sternum, costal cartilage, 12 ribs, 12 vertebrae

69
Q

spinotransverse (ES) & transversospinal muscles. Innervation?

A

Inn = post. rami of spinal N
Sup = iliocostals, longissimus, spinalis
Deep = semispinalis, rotatores, multifidus

70
Q

Intercostal muscles and innervation

A

Inn = intercostal N (ant. rami)
External = “hands in pockets” direction, inhalation
Internal = opposite direction, exhalation

71
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Found in dorsal roots, contain afferent neurons

72
Q

Abdominal muscles

A

Inn = ant. rami
Obliques (ext/int): rotation, flex vert, compress abdomen
Rectus abdominus: flex vert, compress abdomen
Transversus abdominus: compress abdomen

73
Q

Arcuate line

A

Above arcuate line, rectus abdominus has a sheath posteriorly & anteriorly. Below = only anteriorly.

74
Q

Name the 5 nerves of lumbosacral plexus, function.

A

Femoral = knee/hip extension
Obturator = adduction/hip flexor
Sciatic = tibular/fibular, knee flexion
Tibial = plantar flexion
Fibular (deep & sup.) = dorsiflexion

75
Q

Joints of pelvis

A

Sacroiliac, hip, pubic symphysis

76
Q

Ligaments & foramens of sacroiliac joint

A

Ligs = sacrospinous, sacrotuberous
Foramens = greater (sciatic, gluteal N) & lesser (pedundal N) sciatic foramens

77
Q

Gluteal region Ns

A

Sciatic N (inf to piriformis) = hamstrings
Sup Gluteal (sup to piriformis) = gluteus med/min, tensor fascia latae
Inf Gluteal (inf to piriformis) = gluteus max

78
Q

Pelvic flexors/stabilizers

A

Iliopsoas = femoral N, primary hip flexor
Quadratus lumborum = 12th thoracic N, pelvic stab.
Gluteus medius = sup gluteal N, medial rotation, hip abduction

79
Q

Deep rotators of hip

A

Function = lat rotation.
Piriformis, gemelli, obturator internus, quadratus femoris.

80
Q

Ant. compartment of thigh

A

Femoral N. Knee ext.
Rectus femoris (hip flexion)
Vastus medialis/intermedius/lateralis

81
Q

Medial compartment of thigh

A

Obturator N. Adduction.
Gracilis, adductor brevis/longus/magnus

82
Q

Post. compartment of thigh

A

Sciatic N. Knee flexion, hip ext.
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus.

83
Q

Pes anserine

A

Attachment point for sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus.

84
Q

Bones of knee/function

A

Femur = transmits F from pelvis
Patella = increase F production
Tibia = weight bearing
Fibula = rotational stab.

85
Q

3 joints of knee

A

Patellofemoral, femorotibial, proximal tibiofibular

86
Q

Menisci

A

Deepen & stabilize articulating surfaces, fibrocartilage shock absorbers, protects underlying cartilage/bone

87
Q

Collateral & Cruciate ligs

A

Collateral = medial/lateral aspects of knee.
Cruciate = ACL, PCL. X formation, name based on tibial attachment!

88
Q

Unhappy triad

A

MCL, ACL, MM

89
Q

Popliteus

A

Attaches @ lateral femoral condyle, post. tibia. Unlocks knee. Tibial N.

90
Q

Name 4 shank compartments, innervation, main function.

A

Anterior (deep fibular N): dorsiflexion
Lateral (sup fibular N): eversion
Deep post (tibial N) = plantar flexion
Sup post (tibial N) = plantar flexion

91
Q

Name 3 muscles of anterior compartment of shank.

A

Extensor hallicus longus, extensor digitorum longus, tibialis anterior

92
Q

Name the 2 muscles of lateral compartment of shank.

A

Fibularis longus/brevis

93
Q

Name the 5 muscles of sup posterior shank.

A

Gastrocnemius (med/lat heads), achilles tendon, soleus, popliteus, plantaris

94
Q

Name the 3 muscles of the deep post compartment.

A

Tibialis posterior, flexor hallicus longus, flexor digitorum longus

95
Q

Name the 5 tarsal bones/draw.

A

Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms.

96
Q

What are the three joints of the ankle? Name functions.

A

Distal tibiofibular (connects tibia + fibula), talocrural (dorsi/plantar flexion), subtalar (inversion/eversion)

97
Q

3 structures for arches/support of foot.

A

Tibialis posterior, fibularis longus, calcaneovicular lig.

HTHSCI 1D06 (25 decks)

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