Test 2: Encompassing Terms Flashcards
Parts/functions of the motor system
Corticospinal tract: info from brain to body
Basal ganglia: motor subroutines
Cerebellum: modulates motor plans
Motor vs. sensory tracts
Motor: LMN to UMN. Corticospinal & corticobulbar.
Sensory: Afferent neuron, ascending tract, SS cortex. Spinothalamic & DCML.
Endogenous vs. Exogenous pain control
Endogenous: spinal cord gate, RFA (endorphins)
Exogenous: NSAIDs & Opiates
White matter vs. Grey matter
White: transmisssion, peripheral info.
Grey: central “H.” Neuron cell bodies, glial cell bodies.
Dorsal root ganglion
Cluster of neurons found only on dorsal roots.
Spinal rami
Dorsal: deep back muscles, z-joints
Ventral: everything else
Defn. of plexus, types in body
Anterior rami merge together to form a network called a “plexus.” Cervical (C1-C4), brachial (C5-T1), lumbosacral (L2-S4)
Lateral horn
Carries ONLY sympathetic info, only found in thoracic region
Draw a full brachial plexus.
google it girl
Memory structures in the limbic system
Hippocampal formation (A = dentate gyrus, E = subiculum), anterior thalamus, hypothalamus (mamillary bodies)
Emotional/behavioral structures in the limbic system
Amygdala, dorsomedial thalamus, hypothalamus (ANS nuclei)
Cingulate lobe
Cingulate gyrus + parahippocampal gyrus. Responsible for both memory and emotion/behavior, connections, reality check.
Amygdala
Analyses anger and fear expressions, provides output for the thalamus –> SNS
Mammillary bodies
Thalamic relay, recollective memory, behavioral reactions.
Hippocampus
Who, what, where, when. Long-term memory, output to cortex via fornix.
Episodic memory
Medial temporal lobe. (thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus = papez circuit)
Semantic memory
Neocortex (auditory, somatosensory, visual cortex)
Procedural memory
Muscle memory: cerebellum & basal nuclei.
Feeding, Sexual, Motivation
Feeding: activate hypothalamic nuclei
Sexual: increase oxytocin from post. pituitary gland
Motivation: increase dopamine
Somatic motor system
Voluntary controlm one neuron from CNS to effort. Ach is the only neurotransmitter, only innervates skeletal muscle.
Autonomic motor system
Two neurons between CNS and effector. Ach only at first neuron, Ach/E/NE at second, innervates cardiac, smooth, glandular tissue.
Only sympathetic/sympathetic innervation…
Sympathetic: sweat glands, visceral arterioles, radial muscle.
Parasympathetic: Iris sphincter
Sympathetic output systems
Short preganglionic neuron, Ach used in ganglia, called nicotinic receptors. NE is used on effector (adrenergic receptors)
Parasympathetic output systems
Long preganglionic neuron, Ach used in ganglia, called nicotinic receptors, Ach used on effector (muscarinic receptor)
Cholinergic receptors.
Found in both ganglia, postganglionic parasympathetic effectors. 2 types: muscarinic (found on organs), nicotinic (found on ganglia). Short period of activation (Ach breaks down quick).
Adrenergic receptors
Found only on sympathetic postganglionic target organs. 2 types: alpha (contract), beta (contract except cardiac). Long activation period.
Adrenergic Receptor subtypes
a1 = contract smooth muscle
a2 = clotting
b1 = contract heart muscle
b2 = relax bronchioles, uterus, arterioles
b3 = increase lipolysis
Adrenergic drugs
Beta blockers = for tachycardia, hypertension
Beta agonists = for asthma
HPA Axis
Overtakes after stress response. Includes hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland.
Layers of connective tissue on muscle
Endomysium, perimysium, fascicle, epimysium
Cross bridge cycling
When Ca2+ is added into a sarcomere, troponin (molecule on actin) bind and pulls tropomyosin (rope-like molecule on actin) away from the binding sites, allowing actin-myosin interactions. ATP then breaks the actin-myosin bond, cycle starts again.
Sarcolemma
Pores on muscle, allow action potential to enter and propogate down T-tubules, through terminal cisternae, then sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Receptors in sarcoplasmic reticulum
DHP (cork) and Ryanodine receptors. They open up concentration gradient from calcium storage in SR –> actin/myosin interaction.
Motor unit
One motor neuron & all the muscle fibers it innervates
Types of skeletal muscle fiber types in order of fast-to-slow recruitment.
Slow oxidative, fast oxidative-glycolytic, fast glycolytic
Factors of muscle force production
Muscle length, AP frequency, motor unit size, fiber types
3 types of joints, cartilage they have (if app.) and their sub-classes (if app.)
Fibrous (none)
Cartilaginous (hyaline & fibrocartilage). Synchondroses & symphyses.
Synovial (hyaline). Pivot, plane, hinge, ball & socket, condyloid, saddle.
4 factors of stability/motion in joints.
Shape/arrangement of articulating surfaces, tone/arrangement of surrounding muscles, ligaments crossing the joint, hormones.
5 tissue components that make up a joint, 3 types of inflammations.
Bones, ligaments/capsule, tendons/muscle, intra-articular structures, bursae.
Rheumatoid arthritis, bursitis, tenosynovitis
4 cells types that maintain bones
Osteoprogenitor, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast
Medullary cavity
Hollow, fat (yellow marrow) filled portion of diaphysis in long bones
Differences between compact/spongy bone.
Compact = superficial, strong, organized in osteons, protection/support.
Spongy = trabecular/cancellous bones, deep, filled with red marrow in metaphysis/epiphysis.
Hormones involved in bone/calcium homeostasis
Calcitonin = + osteoblast
Parathyroid hormone = + osteoclast
Name the six types of fractures and a short description of each.
Comminuted = 3+
Compression = crushed
Epiphyseal = epiphyseal separates from diaphysis
Depressed = bone pressed inward
Spiral = ragged break (twisted)
Green stick = incomplete
Name the three types of cartilage and describe.
Hyaline = weak, abundant, flexibility
Elastic = elastic, strength
Fibro = shock absorber, collagen
Name the 2 intra-articular structures + describe.
Discs/menisci = between bones, absorb shock/weight.
Labrum = deepen socket and improve bone contact.
Name the 3 types of synovium + describe.
Synovial jts = synovial cavity filled with fluid, hyaline, simple or comp.
Bursae = sacs of synovial membrane, reduce friction
Tendon sheaths = wrap around tendons, parietal/visc layers
Draw a brachial plexus with the special attachments.
Anastosmosis in the hand
Deep palmar arch blood flow goes radial –> ulnar. Superficial is opposite direction.
Name the 4 joints of the shoulder. Place an asterisk next to the ones that abduct the arm.
Gleno-humeral, acromioclavicular, scapulothoracic, sternoclavicular.
Name the 4 extrinsic back muscles, innervation, and function.
Trapezius (accessory): scap elevation, depression, retract.
Lat dorsi (thoracodorsal): extend & adduct humerus
Rhomboids (dorsal scap): scap retract
Teres major (lower subscap): adduct, externally rotate arm
Name the 4 rotator cuff muscles, innervation, function.
Supraspinatus (suprascap.): arm abduction
Infraspinatus (suprascap.): external rotation
Teres minor (axillary): external rotation
Subscapularis (subscap.): internal rotation
Name the 3 pectoral muscles, innervation, function.
Pec Maj (lat/med pec N): arm flexion/adduction.
Pec Min (med pec N): scap prot.
Serratus Ant. (long thoracic N): scap prot.
What are the 3 functions of the deltoid? Innervation
Deltoid = axillary N.
Flexion, extension, abduction.
Name the 3 arm flexors, nerve, function.
All musculocutaneous.
Biceps brachii: supination/flexion
Coracobrachialis: arm flexion
Brachialis: elbow flexion
Name the arm extensors, nerve, function.
Triceps (radial N). Arm extension (long head), elbow extension (all heads).
Joints and ligaments of the elbow
Joints: Proximal radioulnar, humeroradial, humeroulnar (all cubital)
Ligs: Annular ligs, Radial collateral ligs, Ulnar collateral ligs
4 Ligaments of the wrist
Radial collateral, ulnar collateral, radioulnar, radiocarpal
Name the 5 superficial forearm flexors, which nerve innervates them.
all median unless *
pronator teres
flexor carpi ulnaris*
palmaris longus
flexor carpi radialis
brachioradialis*
Name the 3 deep forearm flexors, which nerve innervates them.
all median unless *
flexor digitorum profundus*
flexor digitorum superficialis
pronator quadratus
Name the 5 forearm extensors the nerve that innervates them.
All radial.
supinator
extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris
extensor carpi radialis
Name the 4 outcropping muscles and the nerve that innervates them.
all radial.
abductor pollicus longus
extensor pollicus longus
extensor pollicus brevis
extensor indicis
What is the mnemonic for carpal bones? Name all eight.
Some lovers try positions that they cannot handle.
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate.
Lumbrical muscles
Digits 1/2 = median N
Digits 3/4 = ulnar N
flex/extend fingers
Interossei muscles
Dorsal interossei = abduct digits 1-4
Palmar interossei = adduct digits 1-3
Thenar & hypothenar muscles
Thenar = thumb muscles. Median & ulnar.
Hypothenar = pinky muscles. Ulnar.
Carpal tunnel
floor = carpal bones
roof = flexor retinaculum
contents = median N, flexor digitorum sup/prof
Syndrome: thenar muscle weakness, pins and needles of digits 1-2.
Thoracic cage
Sternum, costal cartilage, 12 ribs, 12 vertebrae
spinotransverse (ES) & transversospinal muscles. Innervation?
Inn = post. rami of spinal N
Sup = iliocostals, longissimus, spinalis
Deep = semispinalis, rotatores, multifidus
Intercostal muscles and innervation
Inn = intercostal N (ant. rami)
External = “hands in pockets” direction, inhalation
Internal = opposite direction, exhalation
Dorsal root ganglion
Found in dorsal roots, contain afferent neurons
Abdominal muscles
Inn = ant. rami
Obliques (ext/int): rotation, flex vert, compress abdomen
Rectus abdominus: flex vert, compress abdomen
Transversus abdominus: compress abdomen
Arcuate line
Above arcuate line, rectus abdominus has a sheath posteriorly & anteriorly. Below = only anteriorly.
Name the 5 nerves of lumbosacral plexus, function.
Femoral = knee/hip extension
Obturator = adduction/hip flexor
Sciatic = tibular/fibular, knee flexion
Tibial = plantar flexion
Fibular (deep & sup.) = dorsiflexion
Joints of pelvis
Sacroiliac, hip, pubic symphysis
Ligaments & foramens of sacroiliac joint
Ligs = sacrospinous, sacrotuberous
Foramens = greater (sciatic, gluteal N) & lesser (pedundal N) sciatic foramens
Gluteal region Ns
Sciatic N (inf to piriformis) = hamstrings
Sup Gluteal (sup to piriformis) = gluteus med/min, tensor fascia latae
Inf Gluteal (inf to piriformis) = gluteus max
Pelvic flexors/stabilizers
Iliopsoas = femoral N, primary hip flexor
Quadratus lumborum = 12th thoracic N, pelvic stab.
Gluteus medius = sup gluteal N, medial rotation, hip abduction
Deep rotators of hip
Function = lat rotation.
Piriformis, gemelli, obturator internus, quadratus femoris.
Ant. compartment of thigh
Femoral N. Knee ext.
Rectus femoris (hip flexion)
Vastus medialis/intermedius/lateralis
Medial compartment of thigh
Obturator N. Adduction.
Gracilis, adductor brevis/longus/magnus
Post. compartment of thigh
Sciatic N. Knee flexion, hip ext.
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus.
Pes anserine
Attachment point for sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus.
Bones of knee/function
Femur = transmits F from pelvis
Patella = increase F production
Tibia = weight bearing
Fibula = rotational stab.
3 joints of knee
Patellofemoral, femorotibial, proximal tibiofibular
Menisci
Deepen & stabilize articulating surfaces, fibrocartilage shock absorbers, protects underlying cartilage/bone
Collateral & Cruciate ligs
Collateral = medial/lateral aspects of knee.
Cruciate = ACL, PCL. X formation, name based on tibial attachment!
Unhappy triad
MCL, ACL, MM
Popliteus
Attaches @ lateral femoral condyle, post. tibia. Unlocks knee. Tibial N.
Name 4 shank compartments, innervation, main function.
Anterior (deep fibular N): dorsiflexion
Lateral (sup fibular N): eversion
Deep post (tibial N) = plantar flexion
Sup post (tibial N) = plantar flexion
Name 3 muscles of anterior compartment of shank.
Extensor hallicus longus, extensor digitorum longus, tibialis anterior
Name the 2 muscles of lateral compartment of shank.
Fibularis longus/brevis
Name the 5 muscles of sup posterior shank.
Gastrocnemius (med/lat heads), achilles tendon, soleus, popliteus, plantaris
Name the 3 muscles of the deep post compartment.
Tibialis posterior, flexor hallicus longus, flexor digitorum longus
Name the 5 tarsal bones/draw.
Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms.
What are the three joints of the ankle? Name functions.
Distal tibiofibular (connects tibia + fibula), talocrural (dorsi/plantar flexion), subtalar (inversion/eversion)
3 structures for arches/support of foot.
Tibialis posterior, fibularis longus, calcaneovicular lig.
