2: Nervous System I (manual) Flashcards
What two divisions is the nervous system divided into? What does the CNS contain?
Central and peripheral nervous system. CNS contains brain, spinal cord.
Name the role of the meninges, CSF, arteries, and veins.
Meninges is the connective tissue that protects and supports the brain. CSF is cerebrospinal fluid, provides mechanical and immunological protection. Arteries deliver oxygen, glucose, nutrients to brain tissue. Veins carry deoxygenated blood, CO2, metabolic products back to heart.
What are the three layers of meninges, from superficial to deep? What are the 2 layers of the dura mater?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater. 2 layers are the endosteal (against skull) and the meningeal (against brain).
The layer of dura mater that separates brain hemispheres is called the ___ _______. In the transverse plane, the _______ ______ extends between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex. The opening inside this layer that accommodates the brainstem is called the _______ _________.
Falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, tentorial notch.
Describe the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.
Arachnoid mater is a thin, spiderweb-like meningeal layer. The pia mater is the deepest and thinnest meningeal layer and is adhered tightly to the surface of the brain.
________ space is between the arachnoid and pia mater. Within this space, there is __________ fluid. Between the dura and arachnoid mater is the _______ space. It may become filled with _____ if a tear were to occur within the brain. The _________ space is between the skull and dura mater, which contains ___________ _________. The middle __________ _______ exists in this space.
Subarachnoid, cerebrospinal, subdural, blood, epidural, blood vessels, meningeal artery.
What are the 2 sources of blood supply to the brain?
Foramen magnum (posterior), carotid canal (anterior).
Inside the skull, the two vertebral ____ merge to form the _______ ________.It gives rise to the ______ ________ ________, which supply blood to the ________ _________.
Arteries, basilar artery, posterior cerebral arteries, cerebral cortices.
The cerebral vessels form what is called a __________ __________ __________. It allows collateral blood flow between the __________ __________ and is an example of ____________.
Cerebral arterial circle, cerebral arteries, anastosmosis.
If a stroke were to occur in a cerebral artery, what would happen?
The function of the brain region supplied by that artery would be affected.
Veins leading from the brain cross the _________ ________ and empty into what?
Subarachnoid space. They empty into the superior sagittal sinus.
The superior sagittal sinus drains into the two _________ ________ located on the edge of the tentorium cerebelli through the __________ of ___________.
Transverse sinuses, confluence, sinuses.
The transverse sinus drains into the _______ _______ and exits the skull to form the right and left internal _________ veins.
Sigmoid sinuses, jugular.
CSF flows within the hollow _______ found deep to the ________ and surrounds the brain and spinal cord within the __________ space.
Cavities, cortex, subarachnoid.
CSF is a clear, colorless ________ that is derived from _________ blood. Small tufts of arteries within walls of ventricles, called _______ _________, filters blood from cerebral circulation to produce ________.
Liquid, arterial, choroid plexuses, CSF.
Cranial nerves 1 and 2 arise from _______, while the rest arise from the _________. What anatomical landmark is used to locate the cranial nerves?
Cerebrum, brainstem. Pons.
What does the perikaryon do? What do dendrites do?
Perikaryon, or cell body, is the control center of the neuron and performs all the necessary actions for the neuron to survive. Dendrites are the site of action potential and message transmission.
What does the axon hillock do? What does the myelin sheath gap do?
Axon hillock processes messages from other neurons. Myelin sheath gaps (nodes of ranvier) act as “pit stops” so electrical impulses can travel down the axon body better.
There are ___ ventricles. The two ________ _________ are located in each cerebral ___________. CSF flows from these ventricles through the __________ _________ to enter the ______ ventricle, which lies between the right and left halves of the __________.
4, lateral ventricles, hemisphere, intraventricular foramina, third, diencephalon
CSF is returned to the blood from the _________ space by arachnoid granulations around the _________ __________ _____.
Subarachnoid, superior saggital sinus
What is the medial longitudal fissure?
Line that goes down center of brain to separate hemispheres
What does the lateral fissure separate?
Temporal and parietal lobes.
What lobes of the brain does the central sulcus divide? Which cortexes does it separate?
Frontal and parietal lobes. Somatosensory and motor cortexes.
Where is the corpus callosum, and what does it do?
Corpus callosum is revealed when the longitudal fissure is separated. It connects the two cerebral hemispheres, allowing them to communicate.
What are the two bulges on top of the midbrain called? What do they do?
The superior and inferior colliculi. They are responsible for generating reflexes related to vision and hearing, respectively.
Where is the fourth ventricle located?
Beneath the cerebellum.
What are choroid plexuses and where are they located?
Small tufts of blood vessels on the inside of ventricles, source of CSF.
What does the fornix look like, where is it located?
Fornix is the seahorse-shaped structure connected to the lateral ventricles.
What two parts of the limbic system are involved in memory?
Hippocampus and amygdala
Basal nuclei consist of what two parts, and where is it located?
Caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, located bulging into lateral border of lateral ventricles.
