Lecture 8: Mechanism of Neuroprotection Flashcards
Parasympathetic stimulation causes circular muscles to ________. Sympathetic stimulation causes _____ muscles to _________.
Dilate, radial, contract
What are the three elements of neuroprotectIon?
Skull (bony protection), meninges, blood brain barrier
There are 5 _________ bones and 9 _______________ bones to protect the brain.
neurocranium, viscerocranium
Which suture separates the frontal and parietal bones? Which suture separates the occipital and parietal?
Coronal. Lambdoid.
Which suture separates the occipital and temporal lobe? Which suture separates hemispheres? What is the name of the “vulnerable” spot on the skull?
Squamoid. Saggital. Pterion.
What are the names of the four fontalles?
Anterior, posterior, posterolateral, anterolateral.
Using the “arm” diagram for a vertebrae, what do the following parts represent?
- hands
- forearms
- elbows
- arm
- body
Hands = spine (bumpy)
Forearm = lamina
Elbow = transverse process
Arm = pedicle
Body = vertebral body
What is the spine made of?
24 vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
The dura mater contains _____ ______, which creates a separation between ______ and _____ layers.
Dural sinuses, endosteal, meningeal
What are the four dural folds/septa?
Falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli, diaphargma sellae
What are denticulate ligaments?
Structures within meninges that help anchor the spinal cord in place.
What are headaches often caused by?
Irritated meningeal nerves
The blood brain barrier is a selective ____-________ membrane between the ______ and the __________ of the brain.
Semi-permeable, blood, interstitium
In the brain, _______ processes form the blood brain barrier. Necessary _________ are transported or _____________.
Astrocyte, nutrients, synthesized
What are the 3 processes involved in the CSP loop?
Ventricles (CSF), cerebral arterial circle, sinuses/venous drainage
The common carotid (major vessel into brain) splits into internal and external where?
At the carotid sinus.
Where does the subclavian artery travel to deliver blood?
Through transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae
85% of aneurysms appear where?
In the cerebral arterial circle
Ischemic strokes are caused by ________ and are treated by ___________. Hemorrhagic strokes are caused by ________ and are treated by __________.
Blockage, anticoagulants, rupture, stopping the bleed.
What are the two types of neuroradiological imaging?
Diffusion-weighted image, magnetic resonance angiogram
Most internal structures in the brain are supplied with blood from the _________ ________ ________.
Middle cerebral artery
Where do the superior and inferior saggital sinuses exist?
The falx cerebri
Name the steps of sinus blood flow.
SSS –> conf. of sinuses –> transverse sinus –> sigmoid sinus –> jugular vein
Name three types of extracerebral hemmorrhages that exist.
Epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Sinuses are formed between a split between the ______ and _________ layers of the dura mater.
Endosteal, meningeal
CSF is similar to protein free _______ _____ with some differences in _______ composition. Name 3 purposes.
Blood plasma, electrolyte. Protection, homeostasis, waste removal.
What does the intraventricular foramen connect?
The lateral and third ventricles.
Name the steps of circulation of CSF.
Arteries –> CSF made by choroid plexuses –> ventricles (lat, 3rd, 4th) –> subarachnoid space –> arachnoid granulations –> dural sinuses –> heart.
