Lecture 8: Mechanism of Neuroprotection

Question 1

Parasympathetic stimulation causes circular muscles to ________. Sympathetic stimulation causes _____ muscles to _________.

Answer 1

Dilate, radial, contract

Question 2

What are the three elements of neuroprotectIon?

Answer 2

Skull (bony protection), meninges, blood brain barrier

Question 3

There are 5 _________ bones and 9 _______________ bones to protect the brain.

Answer 3

neurocranium, viscerocranium

Question 4

Which suture separates the frontal and parietal bones? Which suture separates the occipital and parietal?

Answer 4

Coronal. Lambdoid.

Question 5

Which suture separates the occipital and temporal lobe? Which suture separates hemispheres? What is the name of the “vulnerable” spot on the skull?

Answer 5

Squamoid. Saggital. Pterion.

Question 6

What are the names of the four fontalles?

Answer 6

Anterior, posterior, posterolateral, anterolateral.

Question 7

Using the “arm” diagram for a vertebrae, what do the following parts represent?
- hands
- forearms
- elbows
- arm
- body

Answer 7

Hands = spine (bumpy)
Forearm = lamina
Elbow = transverse process
Arm = pedicle
Body = vertebral body

Question 8

What is the spine made of?

Answer 8

24 vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

Question 9

The dura mater contains _____ ______, which creates a separation between ______ and _____ layers.

Answer 9

Dural sinuses, endosteal, meningeal

Question 10

What are the four dural folds/septa?

Answer 10

Falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli, diaphargma sellae

Question 11

What are denticulate ligaments?

Answer 11

Structures within meninges that help anchor the spinal cord in place.

Question 12

What are headaches often caused by?

Answer 12

Irritated meningeal nerves

Question 13

The blood brain barrier is a selective ____-________ membrane between the ______ and the __________ of the brain.

Answer 13

Semi-permeable, blood, interstitium

Question 14

In the brain, _______ processes form the blood brain barrier. Necessary _________ are transported or _____________.

Answer 14

Astrocyte, nutrients, synthesized

Question 15

What are the 3 processes involved in the CSP loop?

Answer 15

Ventricles (CSF), cerebral arterial circle, sinuses/venous drainage

Question 16

The common carotid (major vessel into brain) splits into internal and external where?

Answer 16

At the carotid sinus.

Question 17

Where does the subclavian artery travel to deliver blood?

Answer 17

Through transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae

Question 18

85% of aneurysms appear where?

Answer 18

In the cerebral arterial circle

Question 19

Ischemic strokes are caused by ________ and are treated by ___________. Hemorrhagic strokes are caused by ________ and are treated by __________.

Answer 19

Blockage, anticoagulants, rupture, stopping the bleed.

Question 20

What are the two types of neuroradiological imaging?

Answer 20

Diffusion-weighted image, magnetic resonance angiogram

Question 21

Most internal structures in the brain are supplied with blood from the _________ ________ ________.

Answer 21

Middle cerebral artery

Question 22

Where do the superior and inferior saggital sinuses exist?

Answer 22

The falx cerebri

Question 23

Name the steps of sinus blood flow.

Answer 23

SSS –> conf. of sinuses –> transverse sinus –> sigmoid sinus –> jugular vein

Question 24

Name three types of extracerebral hemmorrhages that exist.

Answer 24

Epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Question 25

Sinuses are formed between a split between the ______ and _________ layers of the dura mater.

Answer 25

Endosteal, meningeal

Question 26

CSF is similar to protein free _______ _____ with some differences in _______ composition. Name 3 purposes.

Answer 26

Blood plasma, electrolyte. Protection, homeostasis, waste removal.

Question 27

What does the intraventricular foramen connect?

Answer 27

The lateral and third ventricles.

Question 28

Name the steps of circulation of CSF.

Answer 28

Arteries –> CSF made by choroid plexuses –> ventricles (lat, 3rd, 4th) –> subarachnoid space –> arachnoid granulations –> dural sinuses –> heart.