Lecture 2: Tissues & Integument

Question 1

Name the four types of tissues and their main purpose.

Answer 1

Epithelial (covering), muscle (movement), nervous (control), connective (support)

Question 2

What is the difference between simple and stratified tissue? What is pseudostratified?

Answer 2

Simple tissue has one layer, stratified has multiple layers between the apical and basal surface. Pseudostratified is randomized.

Question 3

What are the three shapes that epithelial issue can have?

Answer 3

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar.

Question 4

What is a basement membrane?

Answer 4

Something the cells can adhere to.

Question 5

Connective tissue is most _______ tissue by _____, and is usually well ______________. Name the 4 functions of connective tissues.

Answer 5

Abundant, weight, vascularized. Binding & support, protection against infection, tissue repair, insulation.

Question 6

Connective tissue is surrounded by an _____________ ________. It is made up of ground substance and fibers such as ________ and _______. Ground substance may be _______, ___________, ________, or calcified.

Answer 6

Extra-cellular matrix, collagen, elastin, fluid, semi-fluid, gelatinous.

Question 7

What are two types of connective tissues that are not well-vascularized? What does this cause?

Answer 7

Tendons and ligaments. It takes them longer to recover.

Question 8

List the two types of connective tissue proper. Name the 3 sub-classes of these types.

Answer 8

Loose connective tissue (areolar, reticular, adipose), dense connective tissue (regular, irregular, elastic).

Question 9

What is cartilage made of/texture? Name 3 expamples.

Answer 9

Chondrocytes (stiff, gelatenous GS). Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic.

Question 10

What is bone made of/material? What is blood made of/material?

Answer 10

Osteocytes (calcified GS). RBC’s (fluid GS).

Question 11

What are the four colors skin can become, their scientific terms, and what do they mean?

Answer 11

Blue (cyanotic) means hypoxemia. Yellow (jaundiced/icteric) means liver disfunction due to buildup of bilirubin. Red (erythema) means heat, infection, inflammation. White (pallor) means shock, anemia, peripheral vasoconstriction.

Question 12

What two parts make up the integumentary system? What are the three basic layers of the skin?

Answer 12

Skin + accessory organs. Epidermis, dermis (hair follicles, glands, sensory receptors, blood vessels), hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).

Question 13

What are the 5 layers (strata) of the epidermis? List their material as well.

Answer 13

Basale (germinativum), spinosum (spiny), granulosum (granular), lucidum (clear), corneum (horny).

Question 14

The epidermis lacks ______ _______, so it receives nutrients via _________. There is a balance between cell ____________ and cell ______. The entire process takes ______ weeks, but takes 7-10 days in ____________.

Answer 14

Blood vessels, diffusion, production, death, 4-6, psoriasis.

Question 15

Ketatinocytes produce ________ which protect the skin from ________, abrasion, _________, and chemicals.

Answer 15

Keratin, heat, microbes.

Question 16

Melanocytes make up ____ of epidermal cells. They produce ________ and are found in the _______ __________.

Answer 16

8%, melanin, stratum basale.

Question 17

Langerhans cell perform _____________. They are found in the _________ _______.

Answer 17

Phagocytosis, stratum spinsoum.

Question 18

____________ cells detect touch sensations and are found in the _________ _________.

Answer 18

Merkel, stratum basale.

Question 19

Epidermal ridges give rise to _______________, increases surface area of ________ and improves _______. They are made of dermal ____________, epidermal ______, and epidermal ridges.

Answer 19

Fingerprints/footprints, epidermis, grip, papilla, peg.

Question 20

Everyone has the same number of ___________ but different amounts of __________. Melanin protects the _________ layer against damaging UV rays. Increased UV = increased __________ _________.

Answer 20

Melanocytes, melanin, germinal, melanin synthesis (tanning).

Question 21

Skin tone is made of which three pigments?

Answer 21

Melanin, carotene (vit. A), hemoglobin.

Question 22

Name 4 melanocyte alterations.

Answer 22

Albinism, vitiligo, freckles/moles, melanoma.

Question 23

Name the ABCDE’s of malignant melanomas.

Answer 23

Asymmetrical, borders uneven, colors (2 or more), diameter (larger than 6mm), elevated/evolving.

Question 24

The dermis is ______ and _______ than the epidermis. It binds the epidermis to _____________ tissues. Contains _____ and _______ fibers that provide support for the skin (secreted by _________). Location of ________________ (4). Divided into __________ and _________ regions.

Answer 24

Deeper, thicker, underlying, collagen, elastic, fibroblasts, BV’s, nerves, hair follicles, skin glands, papillary, reticular.

Question 25

What are the 4 types of skin glands and what do they produce?

Answer 25

Sebaceous (oils), apocrine (sweat), eccrine (sweat), ceruminous (wax).

Question 26

Name the 6 functions of skin.

Answer 26

Thermo-regulator, blood reservoir, protection, cutaneous sensations, excretion/absorption, synthesis of vitamin D (metabolism).

Question 27

List the 4 phases of deep skin wound healing.

Answer 27

Inflammatory, migratory, proliferative, maturation