Lecture 7: Optics & Brain Flashcards
What is the pneumonic for cranial nerves?
Oh oh oh to touch and feel very green velvet, AH!
Name all 12 cranial nerves in order.
Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharangeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
Where do cranial nerves I and II lie?
On the cortex
What is the pneumonic for sensory, motor, both?
Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more
The eye is a part of the ____. The external layers (sclera + ________) are continuous with the _______ _______.
CNS, cornea, dura mater
What are the three layers of the eye?
Fibrous, vascular, retina
The fibrous layer contains the _________ and cornea. The vascular layer contains the ______, _______ ________, and the iris. The retina contains the ________, ________, and optic _______.
Sclera, choroid, ciliary body, macula, fovera, disc.
The _____ _______ contains cranial nerve II. It is also the site of our _____ spot.
Optic disc, blind
What are the name of the 2 fluid-filled chambers of the eye?
Vitreous humor, aqueous humor
What are the three muscles that act within the eye?
Ciliary, iris (radial, circular)
Constriction of the pupil reduces light ________ and increases _______ _______ for near vision.
Intensity, field depth
Dilation _______ light intensity, decreases field depth for _____ vision.
Increases, far
Retina is the deepest layer of the ______. It is formed from _______ of cells within the retina. It transmits ______ information to the ______.
Tunic, axons, visual, cortex
Rods are used to see ________, cones are used to see _________.
Shapes, colors
What is the piece of technology used to look into the eye?
Opthalmoscope
What is the taptum?
Blue-green reflective layer on eyes of animals, which allows nocturnal animals to see better.
What is the macula?
3-5mm oval region of retina, surrounds fovea
What is the fovea?
Central fixation point for each eye, highest visual acuity, 50% of what you see
What is the bending of light through the pupil called?
Refraction
80% of refraction is produced by ________ _________, which is caused by air/water on the _______. 20% is caused by ________, which is dilation of _______.
Refractive power, cornea, accommodation, lens.
When ciliary muscle is relaxed, what happens?
Lens is flattened, zonular fiber is under tension.
What happens when the ciliary muscle is contracted?
Lens is rounded, zonular fiber is relaxed.
What is hyperopia?
Farsightedness, eyeball is flattened, convex lens.
What is myopia?
Nearsightedness, eyeball is elongated, concave lens.
What is astigmatism?
Eye is elongated in meridian plane, offset cornea
A positive correction power means ___________. A negative correction power means __________.
Farsightedness, nearsightedness.
What are cataracts?
Lens is made of crystalline proteins which aggregates over time.
Optic nerve is primary sensory piece for _______. Originates at ______. What happens at optic chiasma?
Vision, retina. At optic chiasma, axons cross from medial half of each eye, become tracts. (the X of fields of view)
Describe monocular blindness.
Blindness in one eye
Describe bitemporal hemianopia.
Blindness in outsides of fields of vision.
Describe homonymous hemianopia.
Blindness in one side of eye, on both eyes.
Name the 7 steps of vision, starting with retina and ending with cortex.
Retina, optic nerve, chiasma, optic tract, thalamus, optic radiation, cortex.
Vision aids with _____ rhythm, motor control (_________), visual _____, _______, and ______ position.
Circadian, cerebellum, reflexes, alertness, head.
What muscle is used for opening the eye? Closing?
Levator palpebrae superioris. Orbicularis oculi.
What gland produces tears? What is the anatomical name for tear duct?
Lacrimal gland. Nasolacrimal gland.
What does the saccades to?
Necessary to expose fovea to full scene via extraocular muscles.
The axis of the ______ is offset from the axis of _______ by 23 degrees.
Eyeball, vision
The _______ ties function of the two eyes together. This happens through what three muscles/systems?
Smooth pursuit, vestibuloocular reflex, saccades.
