Lecture 12: ANS & Limbic

Question 1

What is the limbic system? What is it responsible for?

Answer 1

It is a collection of grey-matter nuclei connected via white matter tracts. It is responsible for memory and emotional regulation.

Question 2

Which anatomy makes up the hippocampal formation?

Answer 2

Afferent = dentate gyrus
Efferent = subiculum + hippocampus

Question 3

Which anatomy is responsible for memory?

Answer 3

Hippocampal formation, anterior thalamus, hypothalamus (mammillary bodies)

Question 4

Which anatomy is responsible for emotional/behavioral response?

Answer 4

Amygdala, dorsomedial thalamus, hypothalamus: ANS nuclei

Question 5

What makes up the cingulate lobe and what is it responsible for?

Answer 5

Cingulate gyrus + parahippocampal gyrus make up the cingulate lobe. It is responsible for both memory and emotional/behavioral response.

Question 6

What are some functions of mammillary bodies?

Answer 6

Thalamic relay, recollective memory, behavioral reactions

Question 7

What are some functions of the amygdala?

Answer 7

Analyzes anger and fear expressions, assesses danger and elicits fear response, emotional memories, output to hypothalamus.

Question 8

What are some functions of the hippocampus?

Answer 8

Who/what/where/when, long term memory formation, output to cortex via fornix

Question 9

Describe episodic memory.

Answer 9

Located in medial temporal lobe, responsible for event memory. LOOP OF PAPEZ!!

Question 10

Describe semantic memory.

Answer 10

Located in neocortex, responsible for factual memory.

Question 11

Describe procedural memory.

Answer 11

Located in cerebellum & basal nuclei. Responsible for muscle memory.

Question 12

Connections between ______ and ________ enable an autonomic response to govern what?

Answer 12

Amygdala, hypothalamus. Emotional responses via pituitary gland. Behaviors ex. feeding, sexual, motivation.

Question 13

What is the main difference between somatic and autonomic nervous system?

Answer 13

Somatic nervous system causes contraction of skeletal muscles, autonomic nervous system innervate cardiac, smooth muscle, glandular tissue.

Question 14

How do sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs change processes with respect to the heart?

Answer 14

Sympathetic input speeds up heart rate and increases the force of contractions, parasympathetic input slows heart rate and decrease the strength of contractions.

Question 15

Which organs only have sympathetic input? Only parasympathetic?

Answer 15

Sympathetic = sweat glands, visceral arterioles, radial muscles. Parasympathetic = iris sphincter

Question 16

How do parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulations affect the pupil?

Answer 16

Parasympathetic = miosis (constriction). Sympathetic = mydriasis (relaxation).

Question 17

In sympathetic output, _______ is used on the effector, called __________ receptors.

Answer 17

Norepinephrine, adrenergic.

Question 18

In sympathetic output, ____ is used on the effector, called _________ receptors.

Answer 18

ACh, muscarinic.

Question 19

The _____ system can convey stressful signals to the ANS via connections between the ________ and __________.

Answer 19

Limbic, amygdala, hypothalamus

Question 20

What are adrenergic drugs?

Answer 20

Can be beta-blockers for tachycardio and hypertension, or beta-agonists for asthma.

Question 21

What are cholinergic receptors?

Answer 21

Receptors of ANS found in synapses of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, or postganglionic parasympathetic effectors.

Question 22

What are adrenergic receptors?

Answer 22

Receptors of ANS found only on the sympathetic postganglionic target organs (effectors)

Question 23

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

Answer 23

Muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors

Question 24

Where are muscarinic receptors found? _______ stimulating these receptors leads to what?

Answer 24

Found on all parasympathetic target organs. Acetylcholine. Leads to decrease in heart rate and other parasympathetic effects.

Question 25

Where are nicotinic receptors found? What does stimulation of these receptors cause?

Answer 25

Found in sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. Stimulation leads to sympathetic and parasympathetic effects.

Question 26

What are the neurotransmitters for adrenergic receptors?

Answer 26

Adrenalin and noradrenalin.

Question 27

What are the 2 subtypes of adrenergic receptors and what are they responsible for?

Answer 27

Alpha = stimulate contractions
Beta = inhibit contractions, except for in heart

Question 28

Name primary functions of A1 and A2 receptor subtypes.

Answer 28

A1 = contractions of smooth muscle, found mostly on vessels of viscera.
A2 = promotes clotting, presynaptic receptors.

Question 29

Name and describe subtypes of beta adrenergic receptors.

Answer 29

B1 = heart muscle
B2 = relax lungs and cardiac arterioles
B3 = increases lipolysis

Question 30

What is included within the HPA Axis?

Answer 30

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland