Lecture 12: ANS & Limbic Flashcards
What is the limbic system? What is it responsible for?
It is a collection of grey-matter nuclei connected via white matter tracts. It is responsible for memory and emotional regulation.
Which anatomy makes up the hippocampal formation?
Afferent = dentate gyrus
Efferent = subiculum + hippocampus
Which anatomy is responsible for memory?
Hippocampal formation, anterior thalamus, hypothalamus (mammillary bodies)
Which anatomy is responsible for emotional/behavioral response?
Amygdala, dorsomedial thalamus, hypothalamus: ANS nuclei
What makes up the cingulate lobe and what is it responsible for?
Cingulate gyrus + parahippocampal gyrus make up the cingulate lobe. It is responsible for both memory and emotional/behavioral response.
What are some functions of mammillary bodies?
Thalamic relay, recollective memory, behavioral reactions
What are some functions of the amygdala?
Analyzes anger and fear expressions, assesses danger and elicits fear response, emotional memories, output to hypothalamus.
What are some functions of the hippocampus?
Who/what/where/when, long term memory formation, output to cortex via fornix
Describe episodic memory.
Located in medial temporal lobe, responsible for event memory. LOOP OF PAPEZ!!
Describe semantic memory.
Located in neocortex, responsible for factual memory.
Describe procedural memory.
Located in cerebellum & basal nuclei. Responsible for muscle memory.
Connections between ______ and ________ enable an autonomic response to govern what?
Amygdala, hypothalamus. Emotional responses via pituitary gland. Behaviors ex. feeding, sexual, motivation.
What is the main difference between somatic and autonomic nervous system?
Somatic nervous system causes contraction of skeletal muscles, autonomic nervous system innervate cardiac, smooth muscle, glandular tissue.
How do sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs change processes with respect to the heart?
Sympathetic input speeds up heart rate and increases the force of contractions, parasympathetic input slows heart rate and decrease the strength of contractions.
Which organs only have sympathetic input? Only parasympathetic?
Sympathetic = sweat glands, visceral arterioles, radial muscles. Parasympathetic = iris sphincter
How do parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulations affect the pupil?
Parasympathetic = miosis (constriction). Sympathetic = mydriasis (relaxation).
In sympathetic output, _______ is used on the effector, called __________ receptors.
Norepinephrine, adrenergic.
In sympathetic output, ____ is used on the effector, called _________ receptors.
ACh, muscarinic.
The _____ system can convey stressful signals to the ANS via connections between the ________ and __________.
Limbic, amygdala, hypothalamus
What are adrenergic drugs?
Can be beta-blockers for tachycardio and hypertension, or beta-agonists for asthma.
What are cholinergic receptors?
Receptors of ANS found in synapses of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, or postganglionic parasympathetic effectors.
What are adrenergic receptors?
Receptors of ANS found only on the sympathetic postganglionic target organs (effectors)
What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?
Muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors
Where are muscarinic receptors found? _______ stimulating these receptors leads to what?
Found on all parasympathetic target organs. Acetylcholine. Leads to decrease in heart rate and other parasympathetic effects.
Where are nicotinic receptors found? What does stimulation of these receptors cause?
Found in sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. Stimulation leads to sympathetic and parasympathetic effects.
What are the neurotransmitters for adrenergic receptors?
Adrenalin and noradrenalin.
What are the 2 subtypes of adrenergic receptors and what are they responsible for?
Alpha = stimulate contractions
Beta = inhibit contractions, except for in heart
Name primary functions of A1 and A2 receptor subtypes.
A1 = contractions of smooth muscle, found mostly on vessels of viscera.
A2 = promotes clotting, presynaptic receptors.
Name and describe subtypes of beta adrenergic receptors.
B1 = heart muscle
B2 = relax lungs and cardiac arterioles
B3 = increases lipolysis
What is included within the HPA Axis?
Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland
