Lecture 21: Intro to Endo/Pituitary

Question 1

What is specific about endocrine sys. that is different from nervous?

Answer 1

Long acting and slow to act

Question 2

Endocrine hormones are released by the ______ _____ throughout the body. Many hormones are also ________.

Answer 2

Ductless glands, neurotransmitters

Question 3

What are the six endocrine glands?

Answer 3

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes/ovaries

Question 4

Fat cells make ______ when they are “full.” Occupied _____ receptors in the _________ signal satiety. The empty stomach produces _______, which cause you to feel ________.

Answer 4

Leptin, leptin, hypothalamus, ghrelin, hunger

Question 5

What are the three types of cells within the endocrine system?

Answer 5

Endocrine, paracrine, autocrine

Question 6

Endocrine hormones are released by the ___, enter into circulation, and interact with ________ on a ________ _____ cell.

Answer 6

Cell, receptors, distant target

Question 7

Paracrine hormones work on ______ _______ cells. What are the two most commonly known paracrines? Where do autocrines work?

Answer 7

Nearby target. Prostaglandins and nitric oxide. Autocrines work on the cell where they are produced.

Question 8

What are the two types of hormone receptors and where are they found? Give an example for each.

Answer 8

Hydrophilic have receptors on the cell surface (ex. oxytocin, insulin) lipophilic have receptors that are intracellular (ex. estrogen, test)

Question 9

What can hydrophilic hormones do that lipophilic can’t? Binding to the the cell-surface receptor causes what?

Answer 9

Move through blood easily because of their solubility. Binding often leads to second messengers which alter cellular function

Question 10

Why is manufacture of second messengers necessary? What’s an example of a hormone that doesn’t need one?

Answer 10

Because cells are surrounded by lipid membrane, the message must be “handed off” by a secondary messenger. Insulin doesn’t need second messenger.

Question 11

Lipophilic hormones move through the bloodstream, bound to a ________ ________. The hormone-receptor complex binding to DNA causes what?

Answer 11

Transport protein. May lead to cessation of DNA.

Question 12

What are the two types of the pituitary and their alternate names?

Answer 12

Anterior (adenohyphosis), posterior (neurohyphosis)

Question 13

What are the roles of the anterior/posterior pituitary?

Answer 13

They release hormones made by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus - they travel in axons to the post/ant pit., then to the bloodstream.

Question 14

What is contained within the turk’s saddle?

Answer 14

Tuberculum sellae, hypophyseal fossa.

Question 15

Which 2 arteries and 3 veins control blood supply to the pituitary gland? What is special about the portal veins?

Answer 15

Arteries = superior & inferior hypophyseal arteries
Veins = Posterior/anterior hypophyseal veins, hypophyseal portal veins.
Portal veins have very low pressure, susceptible to damage after hemorrhage.

Question 16

All hormones normally work with a _________ ______ mechanism. Which 3 types of stimulus lead to hormone release?

Answer 16

Negative feedback. Chemical alteration in blood, nervous signals, other hormones.

Question 17

What are the three steps of control systems for anterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 17

Releasing hormone (hypothalamus), stimulating hormone (tropic hormone, ant. pituitary), hormone (target organ)

Question 18

What are the 3 phases of the thyroid hormone? What functions does this hormone have?

Answer 18

Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (hypothalamus), thyroid stimulating hormone (ant. pituitary), thyroid hormone (thyroid gland). Functions include increased metabolic rate, protein synthesis, fat breakdown

Question 19

Which two hormones (and their locations) produce milk?

Answer 19

Thryotropin releasing hormone (hypothalamus), prolactin inhibiting hormone (hypothalamus)