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HTHSCI 1D06 > Test 1: Encompassing Terms > Flashcards

Test 1: Encompassing Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Extra-cellular matrix

A

ECM = Ground substance + fibers (collagen, elastin, etc.). Covers connective tissue.

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1
Q

Mediastinum

A

Region of thorax between lungs

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2
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Class of connective tissue divided into loose (areolar, reticular, adipose) and dense (regular, irregular, elastic)

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3
Q

Epidermal layers

A

Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum (optional), corneum

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4
Q

Merkel cells

A

Cells that detect touch sensations, are found in stratum basale

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5
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Cells that perform phagocytosis, are found in stratum spinosum

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6
Q

Dermis

A

Deeper & thicket than epidermis, contains collagen & elastic fibers that support skin (secreted by fibroblasts), divided into papillary and reticular regions.

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7
Q

Phases of deep skin wound healing

A

Inflammation, migration, proliferation, maturation

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8
Q

Homeostasis

A

State of equilibrium or a tendency towards such a state

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9
Q

Potential difference

A

Occurs when there is a separation of electrical charge. There is potential energy due to the difference in distribution of electrical charges.

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10
Q

Sodium ions

A

Play major role in membrane potential - always trying to ‘influx’

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11
Q

Potassium ions

A

Play major role in membrane potential - always trying to ‘efflux’

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12
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

3 sodium ions are pumped out for every 2 potassium ions pumped in, to maintain membrane potential.

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13
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Any homeostatic loop that technically brings the body further from homeostais

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14
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Any homeostatic loop that brings body back to homeostasis

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15
Q

Graded potential

A

Changes in conductance of a sensory receptor cell’s membrane caused by sensory input. Short-lived, can be summed temporally or spatially.

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16
Q

Action potential

A

Occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body.

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17
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Brings down membrane potential. Caused by opening of K+ channels causing an efflux of potassium.

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18
Q

Depolarization.

A

Brings up membrane potential. Caused by opening of Na+ channels which allows influx of sodium.

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19
Q

Action potential steps

A

Resting. Depolarization (Na+ open, influx). Repolarizing (Na+ close, K+ open). Hyperpolarization (K+ efflux into cell). Resting.

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20
Q

Refractory period

A

The brief period following the response of a nerve/action potential until it recovers the capacity to make another response.

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21
Q

Electromyography

A

Method of measuring electrical activity in muscles.

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22
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

A faster way to depolarize the axon, by using Nodes of Ranvier (space between myelin sheaths)

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

A substance that transmits signals across a synapse, ex. serotonin, acetylcholine, etc.

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24
Q

Continuous conduction

A

Depolarization across an unmyelinated axon.

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25
Q

Neuron

A

Type of cell that transmits information - motor, sensory, and interneurons

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26
Q

Neuroglia

A

Nonexcitable cells that are much more abundant. Support, insulate, nourish neurons.

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27
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Afferent neurons found in the ANS

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28
Q

Pseduounipolar neurons

A

Efferent neurons found in sensory signalling

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29
Q

Gray matter

A

Contains nerve cell bodies in the brain, is responsible for connections

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30
Q

White matter

A

Contains myelinated axons, responsible for transmission

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31
Q

Parts of Central Nervous System

A

Cerebral cortex, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord

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32
Q

Brocha’s area

A

Section of frontal lobe that produces language

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33
Q

Pre-central gyrus

A

Section of frontal lobe responsible for voluntary motor activity

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34
Q

Post-central gyrus

A

Section of parietal lobe responsible for sensory reception

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35
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Section of parietal lobe responsible for perception of language

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36
Q

Commissural fibers

A

Communications between hemispheres (white matter)

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37
Q

Association fibers

A

Within hemispheres, between lobes (white matter)

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38
Q

Projection fibers

A

To different part of CNS (white matter)

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39
Q

Limbic system

A

Part of deep nuclei. Consists of amygdala, hippocampus, fornix. Responsible for memory and emotion.

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40
Q

Basal nuclei (ganglia)

A

Part of deep nuclei. Responsible for basic motor function.

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41
Q

Diencephalon

A

Contains thalamus (sensory info), hypothalamus (homeostasis), pituitary gland (hormones)

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42
Q

Cerebellum

A

Responsible for motor coordination + balance. Connected to brainstem via peduncles.

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43
Q

Flocculonodular lobe

A

Part of cerebellum, responsible for eye movement

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44
Q

Vermis

A

Part of cerebellum, responsible for axial control

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45
Q

Lateral hemispheres

A

Part of cerebellum, responsible for appendicular control

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46
Q

Brain stem

A

Contains midbrain, pons, medulla, cranial nerves, site of life-sustaining responsibilities.

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47
Q

Midbrain

A

A part of brain stem, contains colliculi (superior = visual reflexes, inferior = auditory reflexes).

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48
Q

Susbtantia Nigra

A

Part of midbrain responsible for dopamine production

49
Q

Pons

A

Part of spinal cord. Transmits sensory information, anatomical site for cranial nerves.

50
Q

Medulla

A

Part of spinal cord. Anterior = motor, posterior = sensory. Contains pyramid and olive structures.

51
Q

Spinal cord white matter

A

Responsible for transmission exteriorly

52
Q

Spinal cord gray matter

A

Responsible for connections in interior ‘H’

53
Q

Descending thoracic aorta

A

Longest/largest part of aorta, supplies blood to trunk organs and lower extremities.

54
Q

Layers of the eye

A

Fibrous = cornea, sclera
Vascular = choroid, ciliary body, iris
Retina = macula, fovea, optic disc

55
Q

Fluid-filled chambers in eye

A

Vitreous and aqueous humors

56
Q

Muscles in eye

A

Ciliary, radial, circular

57
Q

Macula

A

3-5mm oval, surrounds fovea

58
Q

Fovea

A

Central fixation point of eye, transmits 50% of what we see

59
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Location where axons cross from medial half of each eye to become tracts.

60
Q

Journey of vision (ROCOTOC)

A

Retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, thalamus, optic radiation, cortex

61
Q

Opening and closing eye muscles

A

Levator palpebra superioris = open
Orbicularis oculi = close

62
Q

Saccades

A

Muscle necessary to expose fovea to full scene through extraocular muscles

63
Q

Extraocular eye muscles

A

2 oblique, 4 rectus.

64
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Ear drum, where sound vibrates.

65
Q

Ossicles

A

3 bones - malleus, incus, stapes, respond to tympanic vibrations.

66
Q

Otitis media

A

Ear infection caused by buildup of pus in middle/inner ear.

67
Q

Vibrating oval window

A

Where sound enters after vibrating the ossicles

68
Q

Round window

A

Where sound exits after being processed by the cochlea

69
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

Reduction in sound amplitude, usually unilateral. Caused by ruptured tympanic membrane, wax buildup, arthritis in ossicles, etc.

70
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

High tones affected, typically bilateral. Causes by prolonged noise, trauma, etc. Only fixed by cochlear implant.

71
Q

Vestibular apparatus

A

Contains the utricle, saccule, semicircular canals. Sense equilibrium.

72
Q

Otoliths

A

Structures in vestibular apparatus that act as a sensor for detecting motion.

73
Q

Neurocranium bones

A

Frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, temporal

74
Q

Viscerocranium Bones

A

Ethmoid, inf. nasal concha, lacrimal, zygomatic, vomer, mandible, maxilla, nasal, palatine

75
Q

Sutures

A

Sagittal, coronal, lambdoid, squamoid, (pterion)

76
Q

Parts of vertebrae (very pink tongues lick soup)

A

vertebral body
pedicle
transverse process
lamina
spine

77
Q

Dural sinuses

A

Spaces within dura mater between endosteal and meningeal layer

78
Q

Dural folds/septa

A

Falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli, diaphragma sellae

79
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A

Structures in meninges to keep spine in place

80
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Selective semi-permeable membrane between blood and interstitium of the brain for protection

81
Q

Astrocytes

A

Neural tissues that help form the BBB

82
Q

Carotid sinus

A

Location where common carotid splits into internal + external

83
Q

Cerebral arterial circle

A

Draw it. 85% of aneurysms occur here.

84
Q

Ischemic strokes

A

Caused by blockages, treated by anticoagulants.

85
Q

Hemorrhagic strokes

A

Caused by rupture, treated by solving the bleed

86
Q

Sinus blood flow

A

SSS, confluence, transverse, sigmoid, jugular veins, vena canva

87
Q

Extracerebral hemorrhages

A

Epidural hematoma (cause: meningeal a), subdural hematoma (cause: venous sinus), subarachnoid hemorrhage (cause: cerebral a)

88
Q

CSF

A

Similar to protein free blood plasma with differences in electrolytes. Protects nervous system mechanically and immunologically.

89
Q

Intraventricular foramina

A

Connects lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle

90
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Tufts of blood vessels in ventricles that produce CSF from arterial blood

91
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Connects the third and fourth ventricle

92
Q

Circulation of CSF order

A

cerebral arteries
choroid plexus
ventricles (lat, 3rd, 4th)
subarachnoid space
arachnoid granulations
dural sinuses

93
Q

Sensory modalities

A

Quantitative: touch, pressure, proprioception
Qualitative: temperature, pain

94
Q

Dermatomes

A

Spinal levels supplying areas of skin: Types: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral.

95
Q

Os coxae nomenclature

A

Ischium, pubis, iliac (connected by acetabulum)

96
Q

Scapula

A

Made of spine of scapula, coracoid process, acromion

97
Q

Tentorial notch

A

Opening in the tentorium cerebelli that accommodates the brainstem

98
Q

Blood supply to the brain (2)

A

Vertebral arteries (through foramen magnum), carotid arteries (through carotid canal)

99
Q

Corpus callosum

A

White matter tract that connects hemispheres of cortex

100
Q

Central sulcus

A

Fissure that separates the motor cortex (frontal) and somatosensory cortex (parietal)

101
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Form epithelial layer that line ventricles within the brain.

102
Q

Saccule

A

Senses vertical motion with the utricle.

103
Q

Medial lemniscus

A

Ascending sensory pathway that senses touch, pressure, proprioception. Synapse 1 @ medulla, 2 @ thalamus, terminates @ somatosensory.

104
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

Ascending sensory pathway that senses pain and temperature. Synapse 1 @ spinal cord, 2 @ thalamus, terminates @ somatosensory.

105
Q

Spinocerebellar

A

Ascending sensory pathway responsible for proprioception. Carries information to ipsilateral cerebellum.

106
Q

Exogenous pain ctonrol

A

Pharmacological agents ex. NSAIDs, opiates

107
Q

Endogenous pain control

A

Spinal cord gate (touch), reticular formation activation (movement)

108
Q

Parts of the motor system

A

Corticospinal tract, basal ganglia, cerebellum

109
Q

Pyramidal motor pathways

A

Involuntary movement @ head, neck, body

110
Q

Extrapyramidal motor pathways

A

Involuntary movement, reflexes, proprioception

111
Q

Corticospinal tracts

A

Voluntary motion, contralateral, synapse @ spinal cord. Lateral (cross @ medulla)and anterior/ventral (cross @ spinal cord) divisions.

112
Q

Corticobulbar tracts

A

Voluntary motion, bilateral. Synapse @ brain stem w/ CN. Excludes facial & hypoglossal.

113
Q

Lower motor neurons

A

Still contains corticospinal/corticobulbar, but synapses at muscle and aims to convey motor info.

114
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Control conscious movement & proprioception. Contains caudate nuclus, putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus. (striatum = C + P) (lentiform nucleus = P + GP)

115
Q

Dysfunction in basal nuclei

A

Huntington’s = neurodegen. in striatum
Parkinson’s = lack of dopamine, difficulty stop/starting

116
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

Acts as a “red light,” lies inferiorly to the lateral ventricle, apart of basal ganglia.

117
Q

Corticopontine pathway

A

Motor pathway responsible for appendicular control

118
Q

Spinocerebellar pathway

A

Motor pathway responsible for axial control

119
Q

Monosynaptic reflex

A

Reflex arc that provides direct comm. between sensory and motor neurons innervating the muscle.

120
Q

Polysynaptic reflexes

A

Reflexes that are mediated through at least 2 synapses and one interneuron. Most reflexes are poly

HTHSCI 1D06 (12 decks)

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