Test 1: Encompassing Terms Flashcards
Extra-cellular matrix
ECM = Ground substance + fibers (collagen, elastin, etc.). Covers connective tissue.
Mediastinum
Region of thorax between lungs
Connective tissue proper
Class of connective tissue divided into loose (areolar, reticular, adipose) and dense (regular, irregular, elastic)
Epidermal layers
Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum (optional), corneum
Merkel cells
Cells that detect touch sensations, are found in stratum basale
Langerhans cells
Cells that perform phagocytosis, are found in stratum spinosum
Dermis
Deeper & thicket than epidermis, contains collagen & elastic fibers that support skin (secreted by fibroblasts), divided into papillary and reticular regions.
Phases of deep skin wound healing
Inflammation, migration, proliferation, maturation
Homeostasis
State of equilibrium or a tendency towards such a state
Potential difference
Occurs when there is a separation of electrical charge. There is potential energy due to the difference in distribution of electrical charges.
Sodium ions
Play major role in membrane potential - always trying to ‘influx’
Potassium ions
Play major role in membrane potential - always trying to ‘efflux’
Sodium-potassium pump
3 sodium ions are pumped out for every 2 potassium ions pumped in, to maintain membrane potential.
Positive feedback loop
Any homeostatic loop that technically brings the body further from homeostais
Negative feedback loop
Any homeostatic loop that brings body back to homeostasis
Graded potential
Changes in conductance of a sensory receptor cell’s membrane caused by sensory input. Short-lived, can be summed temporally or spatially.
Action potential
Occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body.
Hyperpolarization
Brings down membrane potential. Caused by opening of K+ channels causing an efflux of potassium.
Depolarization.
Brings up membrane potential. Caused by opening of Na+ channels which allows influx of sodium.
Action potential steps
Resting. Depolarization (Na+ open, influx). Repolarizing (Na+ close, K+ open). Hyperpolarization (K+ efflux into cell). Resting.
Refractory period
The brief period following the response of a nerve/action potential until it recovers the capacity to make another response.
Electromyography
Method of measuring electrical activity in muscles.
Saltatory conduction
A faster way to depolarize the axon, by using Nodes of Ranvier (space between myelin sheaths)
Neurotransmitters
A substance that transmits signals across a synapse, ex. serotonin, acetylcholine, etc.
Continuous conduction
Depolarization across an unmyelinated axon.
Neuron
Type of cell that transmits information - motor, sensory, and interneurons
Neuroglia
Nonexcitable cells that are much more abundant. Support, insulate, nourish neurons.
Multipolar neurons
Afferent neurons found in the ANS
Pseduounipolar neurons
Efferent neurons found in sensory signalling
Gray matter
Contains nerve cell bodies in the brain, is responsible for connections
White matter
Contains myelinated axons, responsible for transmission
Parts of Central Nervous System
Cerebral cortex, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord
Brocha’s area
Section of frontal lobe that produces language
Pre-central gyrus
Section of frontal lobe responsible for voluntary motor activity
Post-central gyrus
Section of parietal lobe responsible for sensory reception
Wernicke’s area
Section of parietal lobe responsible for perception of language
Commissural fibers
Communications between hemispheres (white matter)
Association fibers
Within hemispheres, between lobes (white matter)
Projection fibers
To different part of CNS (white matter)
Limbic system
Part of deep nuclei. Consists of amygdala, hippocampus, fornix. Responsible for memory and emotion.
Basal nuclei (ganglia)
Part of deep nuclei. Responsible for basic motor function.
Diencephalon
Contains thalamus (sensory info), hypothalamus (homeostasis), pituitary gland (hormones)
Cerebellum
Responsible for motor coordination + balance. Connected to brainstem via peduncles.
Flocculonodular lobe
Part of cerebellum, responsible for eye movement
Vermis
Part of cerebellum, responsible for axial control
Lateral hemispheres
Part of cerebellum, responsible for appendicular control
Brain stem
Contains midbrain, pons, medulla, cranial nerves, site of life-sustaining responsibilities.
Midbrain
A part of brain stem, contains colliculi (superior = visual reflexes, inferior = auditory reflexes).
Susbtantia Nigra
Part of midbrain responsible for dopamine production
Pons
Part of spinal cord. Transmits sensory information, anatomical site for cranial nerves.
Medulla
Part of spinal cord. Anterior = motor, posterior = sensory. Contains pyramid and olive structures.
Spinal cord white matter
Responsible for transmission exteriorly
Spinal cord gray matter
Responsible for connections in interior ‘H’
Descending thoracic aorta
Longest/largest part of aorta, supplies blood to trunk organs and lower extremities.
Layers of the eye
Fibrous = cornea, sclera
Vascular = choroid, ciliary body, iris
Retina = macula, fovea, optic disc
Fluid-filled chambers in eye
Vitreous and aqueous humors
Muscles in eye
Ciliary, radial, circular
Macula
3-5mm oval, surrounds fovea
Fovea
Central fixation point of eye, transmits 50% of what we see
Optic chiasm
Location where axons cross from medial half of each eye to become tracts.
Journey of vision (ROCOTOC)
Retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, thalamus, optic radiation, cortex
Opening and closing eye muscles
Levator palpebra superioris = open
Orbicularis oculi = close
Saccades
Muscle necessary to expose fovea to full scene through extraocular muscles
Extraocular eye muscles
2 oblique, 4 rectus.
Tympanic membrane
Ear drum, where sound vibrates.
Ossicles
3 bones - malleus, incus, stapes, respond to tympanic vibrations.
Otitis media
Ear infection caused by buildup of pus in middle/inner ear.
Vibrating oval window
Where sound enters after vibrating the ossicles
Round window
Where sound exits after being processed by the cochlea
Conductive hearing loss
Reduction in sound amplitude, usually unilateral. Caused by ruptured tympanic membrane, wax buildup, arthritis in ossicles, etc.
Sensorineural hearing loss
High tones affected, typically bilateral. Causes by prolonged noise, trauma, etc. Only fixed by cochlear implant.
Vestibular apparatus
Contains the utricle, saccule, semicircular canals. Sense equilibrium.
Otoliths
Structures in vestibular apparatus that act as a sensor for detecting motion.
Neurocranium bones
Frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, temporal
Viscerocranium Bones
Ethmoid, inf. nasal concha, lacrimal, zygomatic, vomer, mandible, maxilla, nasal, palatine
Sutures
Sagittal, coronal, lambdoid, squamoid, (pterion)
Parts of vertebrae (very pink tongues lick soup)
vertebral body
pedicle
transverse process
lamina
spine
Dural sinuses
Spaces within dura mater between endosteal and meningeal layer
Dural folds/septa
Falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli, diaphragma sellae
Denticulate ligaments
Structures in meninges to keep spine in place
Blood brain barrier
Selective semi-permeable membrane between blood and interstitium of the brain for protection
Astrocytes
Neural tissues that help form the BBB
Carotid sinus
Location where common carotid splits into internal + external
Cerebral arterial circle
Draw it. 85% of aneurysms occur here.
Ischemic strokes
Caused by blockages, treated by anticoagulants.
Hemorrhagic strokes
Caused by rupture, treated by solving the bleed
Sinus blood flow
SSS, confluence, transverse, sigmoid, jugular veins, vena canva
Extracerebral hemorrhages
Epidural hematoma (cause: meningeal a), subdural hematoma (cause: venous sinus), subarachnoid hemorrhage (cause: cerebral a)
CSF
Similar to protein free blood plasma with differences in electrolytes. Protects nervous system mechanically and immunologically.
Intraventricular foramina
Connects lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle
Choroid plexus
Tufts of blood vessels in ventricles that produce CSF from arterial blood
Cerebral aqueduct
Connects the third and fourth ventricle
Circulation of CSF order
cerebral arteries
choroid plexus
ventricles (lat, 3rd, 4th)
subarachnoid space
arachnoid granulations
dural sinuses
Sensory modalities
Quantitative: touch, pressure, proprioception
Qualitative: temperature, pain
Dermatomes
Spinal levels supplying areas of skin: Types: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral.
Os coxae nomenclature
Ischium, pubis, iliac (connected by acetabulum)
Scapula
Made of spine of scapula, coracoid process, acromion
Tentorial notch
Opening in the tentorium cerebelli that accommodates the brainstem
Blood supply to the brain (2)
Vertebral arteries (through foramen magnum), carotid arteries (through carotid canal)
Corpus callosum
White matter tract that connects hemispheres of cortex
Central sulcus
Fissure that separates the motor cortex (frontal) and somatosensory cortex (parietal)
Ependymal cells
Form epithelial layer that line ventricles within the brain.
Saccule
Senses vertical motion with the utricle.
Medial lemniscus
Ascending sensory pathway that senses touch, pressure, proprioception. Synapse 1 @ medulla, 2 @ thalamus, terminates @ somatosensory.
Spinothalamic tract
Ascending sensory pathway that senses pain and temperature. Synapse 1 @ spinal cord, 2 @ thalamus, terminates @ somatosensory.
Spinocerebellar
Ascending sensory pathway responsible for proprioception. Carries information to ipsilateral cerebellum.
Exogenous pain ctonrol
Pharmacological agents ex. NSAIDs, opiates
Endogenous pain control
Spinal cord gate (touch), reticular formation activation (movement)
Parts of the motor system
Corticospinal tract, basal ganglia, cerebellum
Pyramidal motor pathways
Involuntary movement @ head, neck, body
Extrapyramidal motor pathways
Involuntary movement, reflexes, proprioception
Corticospinal tracts
Voluntary motion, contralateral, synapse @ spinal cord. Lateral (cross @ medulla)and anterior/ventral (cross @ spinal cord) divisions.
Corticobulbar tracts
Voluntary motion, bilateral. Synapse @ brain stem w/ CN. Excludes facial & hypoglossal.
Lower motor neurons
Still contains corticospinal/corticobulbar, but synapses at muscle and aims to convey motor info.
Basal ganglia
Control conscious movement & proprioception. Contains caudate nuclus, putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus. (striatum = C + P) (lentiform nucleus = P + GP)
Dysfunction in basal nuclei
Huntington’s = neurodegen. in striatum
Parkinson’s = lack of dopamine, difficulty stop/starting
Caudate nucleus
Acts as a “red light,” lies inferiorly to the lateral ventricle, apart of basal ganglia.
Corticopontine pathway
Motor pathway responsible for appendicular control
Spinocerebellar pathway
Motor pathway responsible for axial control
Monosynaptic reflex
Reflex arc that provides direct comm. between sensory and motor neurons innervating the muscle.
Polysynaptic reflexes
Reflexes that are mediated through at least 2 synapses and one interneuron. Most reflexes are poly
