Lecture 22: Thyroid & Pineal Flashcards
What are permissive hormones?
Hormones that allow changes to occur ex. estrogen & progesterone
What are the 4 tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary? Hint: FLAT
Follicle stimulating
Luteinizing
Adrenocorticotrophic
Thyroid stimulating
Which cells produce the 4 tropic hormones?
Follicle stim = gonadotroph cells
Luteinizing = gonadotroph cells
Adreno = corticotroph cells
Thyroid stim = thyrotroph cells
Where are gonadotropin releasing hormones released? LH and FSH?
Gonadotropin = hypothalamus
LH & FSH = ant. pituitary
Where are sex steroids produced? What do these steroids produce?
Produced in gonads. They produce libido (especially w test), secondary sexual characteristics
What are the 3 non-tropic Ant Pituitary Hormones and what produces them?
hGH = produced by somatotroph
PRL = produced by lactotroph
MSH = …
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone is produced in the __________ and released into the _______. It then travels to the _________ ________ in the ________ _________ system.
Hypothalamus, blood, anterior pituitary, pituitary portal
What happens in reg of GH if low blood glucose? High blood glucose?
Low = GHRH is produced in hypothalamus
High = GHIH is produced in hypothalamus
What effects does growth hormone have?
Bone growth, muscle growth, tissue repair, glycogenolysis
Long bones grow where? What stimulates and closes growth?
Grows @ epiphyseal line/growth plate. Stimulated by GH, closed by test/estrogen
Describe gigantism and acromegaly.
Gigantism = hGH levels rise before epiphyseal lines close.
Acromegaly = hGH levels rise after epiphyseal lines close.
What are the 2 hormones of the posterior pituitary?
Oxytocin, ADH.
What releases ADH? What stimulates and inhibits this release?
Released from supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus. Stimulated by osmolarity of blood, low BP, pain. Inhibited by adequate/overhydration of body.
What causes the release of oxytocin? What effects does it have?
Cause = suckling, cuddling.
Effect = uterine contractions, milk ejection.
The endocrine system uses _____ and _____ soluble hormones. What do lipophilic and hydrophilic hormones do?
Lipid and water. Lipophilic alter gene expression, stimulate/inhibit production of certain proteins. Hydrophilic either cause manufacture of messengers or work as transmembrane receptors.
Which 3 arteries supply the thyroid? Which 4 nerves?
Arteries: sup/inf thyroid artery, thyroid ima
Nerves: Sup/inf/recurrent laryngeal N, vagus N
Which veins take blood from the thyroid?
Superior, middle, inferior thyroid vein
What are the 5 functions of thyroid hormone?
Increases BMR, stimulates NA/K pump, regulates metabolism, increases beta receptors for catecholamines, works with hGH & insulin for growth.
What are the two thyroid hormones produced? What effects do they have on the body?
T3, T4. Increase metabolic rate, increase protein synthesis, increased fat breakdown
What are T3 and T4 derived from? What happens with insufficient iodine?
Derived from tyrosine and iodine. Insufficient idonine = thyroglobuin is overproduced, follicles overgrow.
What are symptoms of hypothyroidism? What are causes of this?
Weight gain, fatigue, sluggishness, thick skin, etc. Causes = deficiency in TRH or TSH, inadequate intake of idoine, loss of thyroid follicular cells (Hashimoto’s)
Why does hyperthyroidism happen? What effects does it have?
Cause = overstim of thyroid gland, overproduction of thyroid hormones
Effects = increased BMR, excessive sweating, elevated BP/HR, irritability, etc.
What two hormones influence Ca+ in blood?
Calcitonin = inhibits osteoclasts
Parathyroid hormone = incrrease osteoclassts
Which three hormones control bone length?
hGH, androgens, estrogens
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone are important when?
Calcitonin = early growth to maximize calcium salts
Parathyroid = modulates serum calcium later in life to control calcium salts
