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A level psychology > Territory And Personal Space > Flashcards

Territory And Personal Space Flashcards

1
Q

Territory

A

Areas that people lay claim to and will defend because they perceive themselves as having ownership of them.

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2
Q

Personal space

A

An invisible ‘bubble’ that surrounds us wherever we go, regulating how close we let people come to us.

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3
Q

Key research

A

Wells

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4
Q

Additional research

A

Smith - territorial behaviour on beaches
Hall - zones of personal space
Middlemist - personal space invasion in urinals
Sommer and Ross - seating arrangements in hospital waiting rooms

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5
Q

Background to Wells’s research; what is personalisation?

A

A way people in the office mark their territory is by personalisation of their desk (territorial behaviour)
Personalisation = the deliberate decoration or modification of an environment by its occupants to reflect their identities

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6
Q

What were the aims of Wells’s study?

A

Investigate differences in workplace personalisation between men and women: is it done differently and whos it more important too?
Investigate effect of personalisation on employee well being
Investigate company’s personalisation policy with organisational well being

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7
Q

Original number of companies Wells contacted

A

700

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8
Q

Final sample of NUMBER OF COMPANIES Wells study of those who responded + were suitable?

A

20 companies with at least 15 employees

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9
Q

What type of companies were included in Wells’s study?

A

air conditioning firm
car dealership
real estate agencies

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10
Q

Wells sample of office workers who returned the survey?

A

338

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11
Q

Where was Wells study?

A

Orange county, Cali, US

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12
Q

Outline of Wells’s main procedure

A

Collect data from 338 office workers via self report surveys
Follow up case studies of structured interviews

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13
Q

What did Wells’s self reported survey include?

A

Rating scales that asked about:
workplace personalisation, how
satisfaction with workplace environment and job itself
well being
personality traits
employee’s perception of organisational well being

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14
Q

How did Wells know which gender answered the survey?

A

Survey included personal demographic information

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15
Q

How many participants went for the follow up case study?

A

23 employees
15 women
8 men

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16
Q

Wells results: what gender personalizes more and what data shows this?

A

Women personalise more than men
11.12 items relative to men’s 7.68 items on average

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17
Q

Wells results: differences across genders of how personalisation occurs??

A

Women tend to personalise to express identities and emotions by using items that represent friends and family
Men tend to personalise with sports merchandise and items that represent achievements to show status in company

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18
Q

Wells results;correlation between personalisation and well being?

A

Strong and significant association between personalisation > work place satisfaction> job satisfaction > improved well being

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19
Q

What did Wells case studies qual data suggest?

A

Personalisation may be significantly more beneficial to womens well being than mens well being

20
Q

What did wells conclude about company organisational policy?

A

Companies more lenient with workplace personalisation report more positive organisation of company, greater morale (well being)

21
Q

Conclusion of Wells study

A

Personalisation differs from men to women but it will have a positive effect on improved well being/ company organisation

22
Q

Problem of Wells study

A

Cannot generalise personalisation policies to all companies: could have a negative consequence if someone uses offensive items
Cannot assume personalisation is cause and effect: other company policies may effect???????????

23
Q

Outline of Smiths additional research

A

A naturalistic observation in the field (a beach) on how different nationalities compete for space (territory) on the beach

24
Q

What nationalities were investigated in Smiths study?

A

French
West German
US
Beaches in these countries

25
Q

What did Smith measure in his study?

A

The size, depth and width of occupied space (territory) for each beach goer
number and type of territorial markers recorded
Interviews beach goers opinions

26
Q

Results of Smith?

A

West Germans made larger territorial claims than American/French
French did not grasp concept of territoriality

27
Q

How did Germans mark territory in Smith?

A

Used sandcastles to mark territory
Placed reserved signs on areas

28
Q

Hall’s additional research

A

His theory of 4 zones of personal space from observation on white middle class Americans
And differences across cultures

29
Q

4 zones of personal space in Hall’s theory

A

Public
Social
Personal
Intimate

30
Q

Public zone of personal space: Hall

A

Allows the general public to be at this distance

31
Q

Social zone of personal space: Hall

A

Impersonal business contacts allowed in this bubble

32
Q

Personal zone of personal space: Hall

A

Allows contact between close friends and family

33
Q

Intimate zone of personal space: Hall

A

For sex
Comforting someone
Physical contact sports

34
Q

What cultures are contact cultures according to Hall?

A

Arabic, Hispanic, Mediterranean
LESS interpersonal distance

35
Q

What cultures according to Hall are non contact cultures?

A

North European
Prefer more distance to people

36
Q

Aim of Middlemist

A

Investigate whether personal space invasions cause uncomfortable physiological arousal among males using urinals

37
Q

Where did Middlemist’s study take place?

A

At men’s toilet at a University
Where there were 3 urinals

38
Q

Procedure of Middlemist

A

Participant uses a urinal
Confederate comes in and will choose a urinal depending on the condition
An observer in adjacent stall records how long P took to urinate and how long they did for

39
Q

3 conditions for Middlemist

A

Close distance: using urinal directly next to participant
Medium distance: using urinal at the end not next to participant
Control: no confederate

40
Q

What type of observation is Middlemist?

A

Covert observation: hidden observer in stall
Uses periscope to observe buried in pile of books (?)

41
Q

Results of Middlemist

A

Participant took longer to start urinating and left sooner compared to rest (no shit)

42
Q

Conclusions of Middlemist

A

Personal space invasions have physiological arousal effects:
Hard to start urinating and occurs quicker to leave

43
Q

Stommer and Ross aim

A

Investigating effect of different seating arrangements in a hospital waiting room on stressful effect of being in hospital

44
Q

Stommer and Ross: seating arrangements

A

Sociofugal: rows along walls facing away, people not facing each other
Sociopetal: small circular groups of chairs facing towards each other

45
Q

Results of Stommer and Ross

A

Sociopetal (facing towards) overcomes depressing and stressful effect of hospital waiting room
Still requires maintains personal space, done by sociofugal

46
Q

3 office design strategies for office to maintain territory

A

Allow personalisation of desks area: Wells
Allow personalisation of overall office space by purchasing desk chairs on wheels etc: Wells
Make employers aware of employees differences 8n territory across cultures: Smith

47
Q

Application to design office space to encourage personal space?

A

Rearrange seats in a combined sociofugal and Sociopetal design to encourage personal space: Stommer and Ross
Educate employers on differences in amount of interpersonal space favoured: Hall
Design layout of desks to be at comfortable differences for employees or else uncomfortable physiological reactions: Middlemist

A level psychology (60 decks)

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