Term 4 Urinary System Flashcards
The urinary system consists of:
- two ______
- two ______
- one ______
- one ______
The urinary system consists of:
- two kidneys
- two ureters
- one urinary bladder
- one urethra
After kidneys filter _______, they return most of the water and solutes to the _______; remaining water and solutes makeup the _____
After kidneys filter blood plasma, they return most of the water and solutes to the bloodstream; remaining water and solutes makeup the urine
What are 6 functions of the urinary system:
- Regulation of blood ionic composition
- Regulation of blood pH
- Regulation of blood volume
- Enzymatic regulation of blood pressure
- Production of hormones
- Regulation of blood glucose level
- Excretion of wastes and foreign substances
The kidneys are paired organs located in the ________ (between the levels of the last thoracic (T12) and third lumbar (L3) vertebrae and is partially protected by the 11th and 12th ribs)
The kidneys are paired organs located in the retroperitoneum (between the levels of the last thoracic (T12) and third lumbar (L3) vertebrae and is partially protected by the 11th and 12th ribs)
The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the bulk of ______ on the right side
The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the bulk of liver on the right side
the concave _____ border of each kidney faces the vertebral column
the concave medial border of each kidney faces the vertebral column
The site where ureter emerges, and the entry/exit of nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels is called the:
Renal Hilum
What three layers of tissue surround each kidney
- Renal capsule
- Adipose capsule
- Renal fascia
The smooth, transparent sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that continues with the outer coat of the ureter and helps maintain the shape of the kidneys, and barrier against trauma is called the:
the renal capsule
What is the middle protective layer of the kidney consisting of a mass of fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule that protects the kidney from trauma and holds it firmly in place within the abdominal cavity?
The adipose capsule
What is the protective layer of the kidney that is composed of dense connective tissue that anchors the kidneys to the surrounding structures and to the abdominal wall
the renal fascia
There are two distinct regions of a kidney:
- A superficial, light red region called the ______
- A deep, dark red brown region called the ______
There are two distinct regions of a kidney:
- A superficial, light red region called the Renal cortex
- A deep, dark red brown region called the Renal medulla
Renal cortex contains two zones:
- Outer ______ that contains cortical nephrons
- Inner _______ that contains juxtamedullary nephrons
- Outer cortical zone that contains cortical nephrons
- Inner Juxtamedullary zone that contains juxtamedullary nephrons
The portion of the cortex in the kidney that extends between renal pyramids is called the
Renal column
The _____ contains cone-shaped renal pyramids and Renal papillae
Renal medulla
The apex of a renal pyramid is called the
Renal papillae
What does a renal lobe consist of?
One pyramid, overlying cortex and 1/2 of each adjacent column
Both renal cortex and renal medulla form the ______ (functional part of an organ) of the kidneys
Both renal cortex and renal medulla form the parenchyma (functional part of an organ) of the kidneys
Within the parenchyma are the _______:
- Functional units of the kidney that produce urine
Within the parenchyma are the nephrons:
- Functional units of the kidney that produce urine
Filtrates from the bowman’s capsule flow through:
_______→________→_______→______→_______
collecting duct→papillary duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis
The renal artery entering a kidney divides into _______ (each of which branches to service the parenchyma)
segmental arteries
Branches of segmental artery that pass through the renal columns, between renal lobes, are called:
Interlobal arteries
What is the name of interlobal arteries that arch at the bases of renal pyramids?
Arcuate arteries
What is the name of the arcuate arteries that branches outward and enter the renal cortex
Cortical radiate (interlobular) arteries
Branches of the cortical radiate arteries in the renal cortex with divides to form glomerulus (network of capillaries) in the bowman’s capsule are called?
Afferent arterioles
Glomerulus capillaries merge to form the ________ that carries blood out of the glomerulus
Glomerulus capillaries merge to form the efferent arteriole that carries blood out of the glomerulus
The diameter of the efferent arteriole is _____ than the afferent arteriole which results in “backlog” of blood in the glomerulus and creates high blood pressure in the capillaries to __________\_
The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the afferent arteriole which results in “backlog” of blood in the glomerulus and creates high blood pressure in the capillaries to force filtrate out of the capillaries
The efferent arterioles divide to form _______ which surrounds nephron tubes located in the cortex
The efferent arterioles divide to form peritubular capillaries which surrounds nephron tubes located in the cortex
______ are extensions of the efferent arterioles that surround nephron tubes located in the medulla
Vasa Recta are extensions of the efferent arterioles that surround nephron tubes located in the medulla
Blood exit the kidneys through progressively larger vessels:
peritubular capillaries → ______→_______→______→_______→_______→_______
Blood exit the kidneys through progressively larger vessels:
peritubular capillaries → peritubular venules→cortical radiate vein → arcuate veins → interlobular veins → renal vein → Inferior vena cava
There are two types of nephron:
- Cortical nephrons
- Juxtamedullary nephrons
Nephrons consist of 2 parts:
- ______ that filters plasma
- ______
Nephrons consist of 2 parts:
- Renal corpuscle that filters plasma
- Renal tubule
The renal corpuscle consists of 2 parts:
- ______ - capillary network
- ______(_____)____
The renal corpuscle consists of 2 parts:
- Glomerulus - capillary network
- Glomerular (bowman’s) capsule
In what sequence does filtrate pass through the renal tubule?
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) → Nephron loop (loop of Henle) → Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
The majority of nephrons in the kidney are ______ in which renal corpuscles lie closer to the ________and short nephron loops lie mostly in the _____
The majority of nephrons in the kidney are Cortical nephrons in which renal corpuscles lie closer to the renal capsule and short nephron loops lie mostly in the cortex
Juxtamedullary nephrons are less represented in the kidneys and have Renal corpuscles that lie closer to the ____ and have long nephron loops that lie mostly in the _____
Juxtamedullary nephrons are less represented in the kidneys and have Renal corpuscles that lie closer to the medulla and have long nephron loops that lie mostly in the medulla
The longer nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons allow for ______ to produce concentrated urine and consists of two portions:
1) ______
2) ______
The longer nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons allow for water reabsorption to produce concentrated urine and consists of two portions:
1) Thin ascending limb
2) Thick ascending limb
A renal corpuscle consists of the ______ (capillary network) and the ________
A renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus (capillary network) and the glomerular (bowman’s) capsule
What are podocytes?
Foot-like membranous projections (pedicle) wrapped around the single cell epithelium of the glomerular capillaries made of modified simple squamous epilthelium
Filtrate enters the capsular space through the ?
Lumen of the urinary tube
To produce urine, nephron and collecting ducts perform 3 basic processes:
- Glomerular filtration
- Tubular reabsorption
- Tubular secretion
During glomerular filtration, filtered substances move from the bloodstream through three barriers that form the capsule membrane:
- _____
- _____
- _____
During glomerular filtration, filtered substances move from the bloodstream through three barriers that form the capsule membrane
- Fenestrations (pores)
- Basal lamina
- Pedicles
Principle of filtration:
The volume of fluid filtered by the ______ is much larger than in other blood capillaries
Give three reasons as to why that is:
The volume of fluid filtered by the renal corpuscle is much larger than in other blood capillaries
- Glomerular capillaries present a large surface are for filtration
- The filtration membrane is thin and porous
- Glomerular capillary blood pressure is high - smaller diameter in the efferent arteriole than in the afferent arteriole
- Tubular reabsorption:
- epithelial cells all along the renal tubule and duct reabsorb water, ions, glucose, and other substances from the renal tube lumen into the _______
- The ______\_ cells make the largest contribution to reabsorption
- Tubular reabsorption:
- epithelial cells all along the renal tubule and duct reabsorb water, ions, glucose, and other substances from the renal tube lumen into the peritubular capillaries
- The proximal convoluted tubule cells make the largest contribution to reabsorption
What is tubular secretion?
Transfer of materials from the blood and tubular cells into glomerular filtrate
The ________ consists of the juxtaglomerular cells on the wall of the afferent arteriole and the macula densa cells of the final part of the ascending nephron loop
- helps regulate blood pressure within the kidneys by releasing ____ that increases BP
The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) consists of the juxtaglomerular cells on the wall of the afferent arteriole and the macula densa cells of the final part of the ascending nephron loop
- helps regulate blood pressure within the kidneys by releasing renin that increases BP
The distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts have two types of epithelial cells:
- Most are _____ - have receptors for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone and thus are regulated by these hormones
- Small number of _____ - play a role in homeostasis of blood pH
The distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts have two types of epithelial cells:
- Most are principle cells - have receptors for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone and thus are regulated by these hormones
- Small number of intercalated cells - play a role in homeostasis of blood pH
the ____ transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
ureters
The ____ is a hollow, distensible muscular organ
Urinary bladder
In males the urinary bladder is ___ to the rectum
In females the bladder is ____ to the vagina and ____ to the uterus
In males the urinary bladder is anterior to the rectum
In females the bladder is anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus
The two posterior corners of the bladder that contain two ureteral openings are called ______ and the internal urethral orifice lies in the ______
The two posterior corners of the bladder that contain two ureteral openings are called trigone and the internal urethral orifice lies in the anterior corner
What three coats make up the wall of the urinary bladder?
- Inner mucosa layer
- Middle muscularis layer
- Outer adventitia on the posterior and inferior surface and serosa on the superior surface
The inner mucosa layer of the urinary bladder consists of ________ epithelium lying over ______
The inner mucosa layer of the urinary bladder consists of transitional epithelium lying over lamina propria
The middle muscularis layer of the urinary bladder consists of 3 smooth muscle layers:
- Inner ______ layer
- Middle _____ layer
- Outer ______ layer
The middle muscularis layer of the urinary bladder consists of 3 smooth muscle layers:
- Inner longitudinal layer
- Middle circular layer
- Outer longitudinal layer
The external urethral sphincter is composed of ______ muscle
The external urethral sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle
The urethra is a small tube leading from the ______ to the exterior of the body
The urethra is a small tube leading from the internal urethral orifice to the exterior of the body
The wall of the urethra consists of deep _____ and a superficial _____
The wall of the urethra consists of deep mucosa and a superficial muscularis
In females,
- the urethra lies directly posterior to the ______, embedded in the ________
- The opening of the urethra is the ________
In females,
- the urethra lies directly posterior to the pubic symphysis, embedded in the anterior wall of the vagina
- The opening of the urethra is the external urethral orifice
In males:
- The urethra first passes through the ______, then through the __________ and finally through the ______
- The urethra is subdivided into three anatomical regions:
- _______
- _______
- _______
In males:
- The urethra first passes through the prostate, then through the deep perineal muscles and finally through the penis
- The urethra is subdivided into three anatomical regions:
- Prostatic urethra
- intermediate (membranous) urethra
- Spongy urethra
Use the image to compare the female urethra and the male urethra
