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HLSC 120 Human Anatomy > Term 4 Urinary System > Flashcards

Term 4 Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

The urinary system consists of:

  • two ______
  • two ______
  • one ______
  • one ______
A

The urinary system consists of:

  • two kidneys
  • two ureters
  • one urinary bladder
  • one urethra
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2
Q

After kidneys filter _______, they return most of the water and solutes to the _______; remaining water and solutes makeup the _____

A

After kidneys filter blood plasma, they return most of the water and solutes to the bloodstream; remaining water and solutes makeup the urine

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3
Q

What are 6 functions of the urinary system:

A
  1. Regulation of blood ionic composition
  2. Regulation of blood pH
  3. Regulation of blood volume
  4. Enzymatic regulation of blood pressure
  5. Production of hormones
  6. Regulation of blood glucose level
  7. Excretion of wastes and foreign substances
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4
Q

The kidneys are paired organs located in the ________ (between the levels of the last thoracic (T12) and third lumbar (L3) vertebrae and is partially protected by the 11th and 12th ribs)

A

The kidneys are paired organs located in the retroperitoneum (between the levels of the last thoracic (T12) and third lumbar (L3) vertebrae and is partially protected by the 11th and 12th ribs)

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5
Q

The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the bulk of ______ on the right side

A

The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the bulk of liver on the right side

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6
Q

the concave _____ border of each kidney faces the vertebral column

A

the concave medial border of each kidney faces the vertebral column

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7
Q

The site where ureter emerges, and the entry/exit of nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels is called the:

A

Renal Hilum

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8
Q

What three layers of tissue surround each kidney

A
  1. Renal capsule
  2. Adipose capsule
  3. Renal fascia
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9
Q

The smooth, transparent sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that continues with the outer coat of the ureter and helps maintain the shape of the kidneys, and barrier against trauma is called the:

A

the renal capsule

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10
Q

What is the middle protective layer of the kidney consisting of a mass of fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule that protects the kidney from trauma and holds it firmly in place within the abdominal cavity?

A

The adipose capsule

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11
Q

What is the protective layer of the kidney that is composed of dense connective tissue that anchors the kidneys to the surrounding structures and to the abdominal wall

A

the renal fascia

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12
Q

There are two distinct regions of a kidney:

  • A superficial, light red region called the ______
  • A deep, dark red brown region called the ______
A

There are two distinct regions of a kidney:

  • A superficial, light red region called the Renal cortex
  • A deep, dark red brown region called the Renal medulla
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13
Q

Renal cortex contains two zones:

  • Outer ______ that contains cortical nephrons
  • Inner _______ that contains juxtamedullary nephrons
A
  • Outer cortical zone that contains cortical nephrons
  • Inner Juxtamedullary zone that contains juxtamedullary nephrons
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14
Q

The portion of the cortex in the kidney that extends between renal pyramids is called the

A

Renal column

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15
Q

The _____ contains cone-shaped renal pyramids and Renal papillae

A

Renal medulla

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16
Q

The apex of a renal pyramid is called the

A

Renal papillae

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17
Q

What does a renal lobe consist of?

A

One pyramid, overlying cortex and 1/2 of each adjacent column

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18
Q

Both renal cortex and renal medulla form the ______ (functional part of an organ) of the kidneys

A

Both renal cortex and renal medulla form the parenchyma (functional part of an organ) of the kidneys

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19
Q

Within the parenchyma are the _______:

  • Functional units of the kidney that produce urine
A

Within the parenchyma are the nephrons:

  • Functional units of the kidney that produce urine
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20
Q

Filtrates from the bowman’s capsule flow through:

_______→________→_______→______→_______

A

collecting duct→papillary duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis

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21
Q

The renal artery entering a kidney divides into _______ (each of which branches to service the parenchyma)

A

segmental arteries

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22
Q

Branches of segmental artery that pass through the renal columns, between renal lobes, are called:

A

Interlobal arteries

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23
Q

What is the name of interlobal arteries that arch at the bases of renal pyramids?

A

Arcuate arteries

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24
Q

What is the name of the arcuate arteries that branches outward and enter the renal cortex

A

Cortical radiate (interlobular) arteries

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25
Branches of the cortical radiate arteries in the renal cortex with divides to form glomerulus (network of capillaries) in the bowman's capsule are called?
Afferent arterioles
26
Glomerulus capillaries merge to form the ________ that carries blood out of the glomerulus
Glomerulus capillaries merge to form the _efferent arteriole_ that carries blood out of the glomerulus
27
The diameter of the efferent arteriole is _____ than the afferent arteriole which results in "backlog" of blood in the glomerulus and creates high blood pressure in the capillaries to _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\__
The diameter of the efferent arteriole is _smaller_ than the afferent arteriole which results in "backlog" of blood in the glomerulus and creates high blood pressure in the capillaries to _force filtrate out of the capillaries_
28
The efferent arterioles divide to form _______ which surrounds nephron tubes located in the cortex
The efferent arterioles divide to form _peritubular capillaries_ which surrounds nephron tubes located in the cortex
29
\_\_\_\_\_\_ are extensions of the efferent arterioles that surround nephron tubes located in the medulla
_Vasa Recta_ are extensions of the efferent arterioles that surround nephron tubes located in the medulla
30
Blood exit the kidneys through progressively larger vessels: peritubular capillaries → \_\_\_\_\_\_→\_\_\_\_\_\_\_→\_\_\_\_\_\_→\_\_\_\_\_\_\_→\_\_\_\_\_\_\_→\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Blood exit the kidneys through progressively larger vessels: peritubular capillaries → _peritubular venules_→_cortical radiate vein_ → _arcuate veins_ → _interlobular veins_ → _renal vein_ → _Inferior vena cava_
31
There are two types of nephron:
* Cortical nephrons * Juxtamedullary nephrons
32
Nephrons consist of 2 parts: * ______ that filters plasma * \_\_\_\_\_\_
Nephrons consist of 2 parts: * _Renal corpuscle_ that filters plasma * _Renal tubule_
33
The renal corpuscle consists of 2 parts: * ______ - capillary network * \_\_\_\_\_\_(\_\_\_\_\_)\_\_\_\_
The renal corpuscle consists of 2 parts: * _Glomerulus_ - capillary network * _Glomerular (bowman's) capsule_
34
In what sequence does filtrate pass through the renal tubule?
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) → Nephron loop (loop of Henle) → Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
35
The majority of nephrons in the kidney are ______ in which renal corpuscles lie closer to the _**\_\_\_\_\_\_**_and short nephron loops lie mostly in the \_\_\_\_\_
The majority of nephrons in the kidney are _Cortical nephrons_ in which renal corpuscles lie closer to the _renal capsule_ and short nephron loops lie mostly in the _cortex_
36
Juxtamedullary nephrons are less represented in the kidneys and have Renal corpuscles that lie closer to the ____ and have long nephron loops that lie mostly in the \_\_\_\_\_
Juxtamedullary nephrons are less represented in the kidneys and have Renal corpuscles that lie closer to the _medulla_ and have long nephron loops that lie mostly in the _medulla_
37
The longer nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons allow for ______ to produce concentrated urine and consists of two portions: 1) \_\_\_\_\_\_ 2) \_\_\_\_\_\_
The longer nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons allow for _water reabsorption_ to produce concentrated urine and consists of two portions: 1) _Thin ascending limb_ 2) _Thick ascending limb_
38
A renal corpuscle consists of the ______ (capillary network) and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A renal corpuscle consists of the _glomerulus_ (capillary network) and the _glomerular (bowman's) capsule_
39
What are podocytes?
Foot-like membranous projections (pedicle) wrapped around the single cell epithelium of the glomerular capillaries made of modified simple squamous epilthelium
40
Filtrate enters the capsular space through the ?
Lumen of the urinary tube
41
To produce urine, nephron and collecting ducts perform 3 basic processes:
1. Glomerular filtration 2. Tubular reabsorption 3. Tubular secretion
42
During glomerular filtration, filtered substances move from the bloodstream through three barriers that form the capsule membrane: * \_\_\_\_\_ * \_\_\_\_\_ * \_\_\_\_\_
During glomerular filtration, filtered substances move from the bloodstream through three barriers that form the capsule membrane * Fenestrations (pores) * Basal lamina * Pedicles
43
Principle of filtration: The volume of fluid filtered by the ______ is much larger than in other blood capillaries Give three reasons as to why that is:
The volume of fluid filtered by the _renal corpuscle_ is much larger than in other blood capillaries 1. Glomerular capillaries present a large surface are for filtration 2. The filtration membrane is thin and porous 3. Glomerular capillary blood pressure is high - smaller diameter in the efferent arteriole than in the afferent arteriole
44
2. Tubular reabsorption: * epithelial cells all along the renal tubule and duct reabsorb water, ions, glucose, and other substances from the renal tube lumen into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * The _\_\_\_\_\_\_\__ cells make the largest contribution to reabsorption
2. Tubular reabsorption: * epithelial cells all along the renal tubule and duct reabsorb water, ions, glucose, and other substances from the renal tube lumen into the _peritubular capillaries_ * The _proximal convoluted tubule_ cells make the largest contribution to reabsorption
45
What is tubular secretion?
Transfer of materials from the blood and tubular cells into glomerular filtrate
46
The ________ consists of the juxtaglomerular cells on the wall of the afferent arteriole and the macula densa cells of the final part of the ascending nephron loop - helps regulate blood pressure within the kidneys by releasing ____ that increases BP
The _juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)_ consists of the juxtaglomerular cells on the wall of the afferent arteriole and the macula densa cells of the final part of the ascending nephron loop - helps regulate blood pressure within the kidneys by releasing _renin_ that increases BP
47
The distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts have two types of epithelial cells: * Most are _____ - have receptors for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone and thus are regulated by these hormones * Small number of _____ - play a role in homeostasis of blood pH
The distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts have two types of epithelial cells: * Most are _principle cells_ - have receptors for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone and thus are regulated by these hormones * Small number of _intercalated cells_ - play a role in homeostasis of blood pH
48
the ____ transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
ureters
49
50
The ____ is a hollow, distensible muscular organ
Urinary bladder
51
In males the urinary bladder is ___ to the rectum In females the bladder is ____ to the vagina and ____ to the uterus
In males the urinary bladder is _anterior_ to the rectum In females the bladder is _anterior_ to the vagina and _inferior_ to the uterus
52
The two posterior corners of the bladder that contain two ureteral openings are called ______ and the internal urethral orifice lies in the \_\_\_\_\_\_
The two posterior corners of the bladder that contain two ureteral openings are called _trigone_ and the internal urethral orifice lies in the _anterior corner_
53
What three coats make up the wall of the urinary bladder?
* Inner mucosa layer * Middle muscularis layer * Outer *adventitia* on the posterior and inferior surface and *serosa* on the superior surface
54
The inner mucosa layer of the urinary bladder consists of ________ epithelium lying over \_\_\_\_\_\_
The inner mucosa layer of the urinary bladder consists of _transitional_ epithelium lying over _lamina propria_
55
The middle muscularis layer of the urinary bladder consists of 3 smooth muscle layers: 1. Inner ______ layer 2. Middle _____ layer 3. Outer ______ layer
The middle muscularis layer of the urinary bladder consists of 3 smooth muscle layers: 1. Inner _longitudinal_ layer 2. Middle _circular_ layer 3. Outer _longitudinal_ layer
56
The external urethral sphincter is composed of ______ muscle
The external urethral sphincter is composed of _skeletal_ muscle
57
The urethra is a small tube leading from the ______ to the exterior of the body
The urethra is a small tube leading from the _internal urethral orifice_ to the exterior of the body
58
The wall of the urethra consists of deep _____ and a superficial \_\_\_\_\_
The wall of the urethra consists of deep _mucosa_ and a superficial _muscularis_
59
In females, * the urethra lies directly posterior to the \_\_\_\_\_\_, embedded in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * The opening of the urethra is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
In females, * the urethra lies directly posterior to the _pubic symphysis_, embedded in the _anterior wall of the vagina_ * The opening of the urethra is the _external urethral orifice_
60
In males: * The urethra first passes through the \_\_\_\_\_\_, then through the __________ and finally through the \_\_\_\_\_\_ * The urethra is subdivided into three anatomical regions: * \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
In males: * The urethra first passes through the _prostate_, then through the _deep perineal muscles_ and finally through the _penis_ * The urethra is subdivided into three anatomical regions: * _Prostatic urethra_ * _intermediate (membranous) urethra_ * _Spongy urethra_
61
Use the image to compare the female urethra and the male urethra

HLSC 120 Human Anatomy (39 decks)

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