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HLSC 120 Human Anatomy > Term 4 Urinary System > Flashcards

Term 4 Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

The urinary system consists of:

  • two ______
  • two ______
  • one ______
  • one ______
A

The urinary system consists of:

  • two kidneys
  • two ureters
  • one urinary bladder
  • one urethra
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2
Q

After kidneys filter _______, they return most of the water and solutes to the _______; remaining water and solutes makeup the _____

A

After kidneys filter blood plasma, they return most of the water and solutes to the bloodstream; remaining water and solutes makeup the urine

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3
Q

What are 6 functions of the urinary system:

A
  1. Regulation of blood ionic composition
  2. Regulation of blood pH
  3. Regulation of blood volume
  4. Enzymatic regulation of blood pressure
  5. Production of hormones
  6. Regulation of blood glucose level
  7. Excretion of wastes and foreign substances
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4
Q

The kidneys are paired organs located in the ________ (between the levels of the last thoracic (T12) and third lumbar (L3) vertebrae and is partially protected by the 11th and 12th ribs)

A

The kidneys are paired organs located in the retroperitoneum (between the levels of the last thoracic (T12) and third lumbar (L3) vertebrae and is partially protected by the 11th and 12th ribs)

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5
Q

The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the bulk of ______ on the right side

A

The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the bulk of liver on the right side

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6
Q

the concave _____ border of each kidney faces the vertebral column

A

the concave medial border of each kidney faces the vertebral column

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7
Q

The site where ureter emerges, and the entry/exit of nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels is called the:

A

Renal Hilum

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8
Q

What three layers of tissue surround each kidney

A
  1. Renal capsule
  2. Adipose capsule
  3. Renal fascia
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9
Q

The smooth, transparent sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that continues with the outer coat of the ureter and helps maintain the shape of the kidneys, and barrier against trauma is called the:

A

the renal capsule

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10
Q

What is the middle protective layer of the kidney consisting of a mass of fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule that protects the kidney from trauma and holds it firmly in place within the abdominal cavity?

A

The adipose capsule

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11
Q

What is the protective layer of the kidney that is composed of dense connective tissue that anchors the kidneys to the surrounding structures and to the abdominal wall

A

the renal fascia

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12
Q

There are two distinct regions of a kidney:

  • A superficial, light red region called the ______
  • A deep, dark red brown region called the ______
A

There are two distinct regions of a kidney:

  • A superficial, light red region called the Renal cortex
  • A deep, dark red brown region called the Renal medulla
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13
Q

Renal cortex contains two zones:

  • Outer ______ that contains cortical nephrons
  • Inner _______ that contains juxtamedullary nephrons
A
  • Outer cortical zone that contains cortical nephrons
  • Inner Juxtamedullary zone that contains juxtamedullary nephrons
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14
Q

The portion of the cortex in the kidney that extends between renal pyramids is called the

A

Renal column

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15
Q

The _____ contains cone-shaped renal pyramids and Renal papillae

A

Renal medulla

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16
Q

The apex of a renal pyramid is called the

A

Renal papillae

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17
Q

What does a renal lobe consist of?

A

One pyramid, overlying cortex and 1/2 of each adjacent column

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18
Q

Both renal cortex and renal medulla form the ______ (functional part of an organ) of the kidneys

A

Both renal cortex and renal medulla form the parenchyma (functional part of an organ) of the kidneys

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19
Q

Within the parenchyma are the _______:

  • Functional units of the kidney that produce urine
A

Within the parenchyma are the nephrons:

  • Functional units of the kidney that produce urine
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20
Q

Filtrates from the bowman’s capsule flow through:

_______→________→_______→______→_______

A

collecting duct→papillary duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis

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21
Q

The renal artery entering a kidney divides into _______ (each of which branches to service the parenchyma)

A

segmental arteries

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22
Q

Branches of segmental artery that pass through the renal columns, between renal lobes, are called:

A

Interlobal arteries

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23
Q

What is the name of interlobal arteries that arch at the bases of renal pyramids?

A

Arcuate arteries

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24
Q

What is the name of the arcuate arteries that branches outward and enter the renal cortex

A

Cortical radiate (interlobular) arteries

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25
Q

Branches of the cortical radiate arteries in the renal cortex with divides to form glomerulus (network of capillaries) in the bowman’s capsule are called?

A

Afferent arterioles

26
Q

Glomerulus capillaries merge to form the ________ that carries blood out of the glomerulus

A

Glomerulus capillaries merge to form the efferent arteriole that carries blood out of the glomerulus

27
Q

The diameter of the efferent arteriole is _____ than the afferent arteriole which results in “backlog” of blood in the glomerulus and creates high blood pressure in the capillaries to __________\_

A

The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the afferent arteriole which results in “backlog” of blood in the glomerulus and creates high blood pressure in the capillaries to force filtrate out of the capillaries

28
Q

The efferent arterioles divide to form _______ which surrounds nephron tubes located in the cortex

A

The efferent arterioles divide to form peritubular capillaries which surrounds nephron tubes located in the cortex

29
Q

______ are extensions of the efferent arterioles that surround nephron tubes located in the medulla

A

Vasa Recta are extensions of the efferent arterioles that surround nephron tubes located in the medulla

30
Q

Blood exit the kidneys through progressively larger vessels:

peritubular capillaries → ______→_______→______→_______→_______→_______

A

Blood exit the kidneys through progressively larger vessels:

peritubular capillaries → peritubular venules→cortical radiate vein → arcuate veins → interlobular veins → renal vein → Inferior vena cava

31
Q

There are two types of nephron:

A
  • Cortical nephrons
  • Juxtamedullary nephrons
32
Q

Nephrons consist of 2 parts:

  • ______ that filters plasma
  • ______
A

Nephrons consist of 2 parts:

  • Renal corpuscle that filters plasma
  • Renal tubule
33
Q

The renal corpuscle consists of 2 parts:

  • ______ - capillary network
  • ______(_____)____
A

The renal corpuscle consists of 2 parts:

  • Glomerulus - capillary network
  • Glomerular (bowman’s) capsule
34
Q

In what sequence does filtrate pass through the renal tubule?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) → Nephron loop (loop of Henle) → Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

35
Q

The majority of nephrons in the kidney are ______ in which renal corpuscles lie closer to the ________and short nephron loops lie mostly in the _____

A

The majority of nephrons in the kidney are Cortical nephrons in which renal corpuscles lie closer to the renal capsule and short nephron loops lie mostly in the cortex

36
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons are less represented in the kidneys and have Renal corpuscles that lie closer to the ____ and have long nephron loops that lie mostly in the _____

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons are less represented in the kidneys and have Renal corpuscles that lie closer to the medulla and have long nephron loops that lie mostly in the medulla

37
Q

The longer nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons allow for ______ to produce concentrated urine and consists of two portions:

1) ______
2) ______

A

The longer nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons allow for water reabsorption to produce concentrated urine and consists of two portions:

1) Thin ascending limb
2) Thick ascending limb

38
Q

A renal corpuscle consists of the ______ (capillary network) and the ________

A

A renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus (capillary network) and the glomerular (bowman’s) capsule

39
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Foot-like membranous projections (pedicle) wrapped around the single cell epithelium of the glomerular capillaries made of modified simple squamous epilthelium

40
Q

Filtrate enters the capsular space through the ?

A

Lumen of the urinary tube

41
Q

To produce urine, nephron and collecting ducts perform 3 basic processes:

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
42
Q

During glomerular filtration, filtered substances move from the bloodstream through three barriers that form the capsule membrane:

  • _____
  • _____
  • _____
A

During glomerular filtration, filtered substances move from the bloodstream through three barriers that form the capsule membrane

  • Fenestrations (pores)
  • Basal lamina
  • Pedicles
43
Q

Principle of filtration:

The volume of fluid filtered by the ______ is much larger than in other blood capillaries

Give three reasons as to why that is:

A

The volume of fluid filtered by the renal corpuscle is much larger than in other blood capillaries

  1. Glomerular capillaries present a large surface are for filtration
  2. The filtration membrane is thin and porous
  3. Glomerular capillary blood pressure is high - smaller diameter in the efferent arteriole than in the afferent arteriole
44
Q
  1. Tubular reabsorption:
  • epithelial cells all along the renal tubule and duct reabsorb water, ions, glucose, and other substances from the renal tube lumen into the _______
  • The ______\_ cells make the largest contribution to reabsorption
A
  1. Tubular reabsorption:
  • epithelial cells all along the renal tubule and duct reabsorb water, ions, glucose, and other substances from the renal tube lumen into the peritubular capillaries
  • The proximal convoluted tubule cells make the largest contribution to reabsorption
45
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

Transfer of materials from the blood and tubular cells into glomerular filtrate

46
Q

The ________ consists of the juxtaglomerular cells on the wall of the afferent arteriole and the macula densa cells of the final part of the ascending nephron loop

  • helps regulate blood pressure within the kidneys by releasing ____ that increases BP
A

The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) consists of the juxtaglomerular cells on the wall of the afferent arteriole and the macula densa cells of the final part of the ascending nephron loop

  • helps regulate blood pressure within the kidneys by releasing renin that increases BP
47
Q

The distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts have two types of epithelial cells:

  • Most are _____ - have receptors for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone and thus are regulated by these hormones
  • Small number of _____ - play a role in homeostasis of blood pH
A

The distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts have two types of epithelial cells:

  • Most are principle cells - have receptors for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone and thus are regulated by these hormones
  • Small number of intercalated cells - play a role in homeostasis of blood pH
48
Q

the ____ transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

A

ureters

49
Q
A
50
Q

The ____ is a hollow, distensible muscular organ

A

Urinary bladder

51
Q

In males the urinary bladder is ___ to the rectum

In females the bladder is ____ to the vagina and ____ to the uterus

A

In males the urinary bladder is anterior to the rectum

In females the bladder is anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus

52
Q

The two posterior corners of the bladder that contain two ureteral openings are called ______ and the internal urethral orifice lies in the ______

A

The two posterior corners of the bladder that contain two ureteral openings are called trigone and the internal urethral orifice lies in the anterior corner

53
Q

What three coats make up the wall of the urinary bladder?

A
  • Inner mucosa layer
  • Middle muscularis layer
  • Outer adventitia on the posterior and inferior surface and serosa on the superior surface
54
Q

The inner mucosa layer of the urinary bladder consists of ________ epithelium lying over ______

A

The inner mucosa layer of the urinary bladder consists of transitional epithelium lying over lamina propria

55
Q

The middle muscularis layer of the urinary bladder consists of 3 smooth muscle layers:

  1. Inner ______ layer
  2. Middle _____ layer
  3. Outer ______ layer
A

The middle muscularis layer of the urinary bladder consists of 3 smooth muscle layers:

  1. Inner longitudinal layer
  2. Middle circular layer
  3. Outer longitudinal layer
56
Q

The external urethral sphincter is composed of ______ muscle

A

The external urethral sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle

57
Q

The urethra is a small tube leading from the ______ to the exterior of the body

A

The urethra is a small tube leading from the internal urethral orifice to the exterior of the body

58
Q

The wall of the urethra consists of deep _____ and a superficial _____

A

The wall of the urethra consists of deep mucosa and a superficial muscularis

59
Q

In females,

  • the urethra lies directly posterior to the ______, embedded in the ________
  • The opening of the urethra is the ________
A

In females,

  • the urethra lies directly posterior to the pubic symphysis, embedded in the anterior wall of the vagina
  • The opening of the urethra is the external urethral orifice
60
Q

In males:

  • The urethra first passes through the ______, then through the __________ and finally through the ______
  • The urethra is subdivided into three anatomical regions:
    • _______
    • _______
    • _______
A

In males:

  • The urethra first passes through the prostate, then through the deep perineal muscles and finally through the penis
  • The urethra is subdivided into three anatomical regions:
    • Prostatic urethra
    • intermediate (membranous) urethra
    • Spongy urethra
61
Q

Use the image to compare the female urethra and the male urethra

A

HLSC 120 Human Anatomy (39 decks)

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