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HLSC 120 Human Anatomy > Term 3 Respiratory System > Flashcards

Term 3 Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 Principle functions of the Respiratory system?

A
  1. Gas transport and exchange
  2. participation in regulating blood pH
  3. Contain receptors for the sense of smell
  4. filters inhaled air
  5. produces sound (vocalization)
  6. Eliminates the small amounts of water and heat in exhaled air
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2
Q

What structures are a part of the Upper Respiratory System?

A
  1. nose
  2. pharynx (throat) and associated structures
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3
Q

What four structures are a part of the lower respiratory tract?

A
  1. larynx (voice box)
  2. trachea (windpipe)
  3. bronchi
  4. lungs
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4
Q

What two functional parts is the respiratory system divided into?

A

The conducting zone and the respiratory zone

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5
Q

What 7 structures are a part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

What does this zone do?

A

Includes:

  1. nose
  2. pharynx
  3. larynx
  4. trachea
  5. bronchi
  6. bronchioles
  7. terminal bronchioles
  • This zone filters, warms, moistens, and conducts air into the lungs
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6
Q

What four structures are a part of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?

What does this zone do?

A
  1. respiratory bronchioles
  2. alveolar ducts
  3. alveolar sacs
  4. alveoli
  • Main sites of gas exchange between air and blood
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7
Q

The nose is divided into the external nose and nasal cavity; what is the anatomy of the external nose?

  • bony framework
    1. _______\_
    2. ______\_
    3. ______\_
  • Cartiliginous framework (consists of 3 major cartilages)
    1. _______
    2. _______
    3. _______
  • ________
  • ________
A
  • bony framework
    1. frontal bone
    2. nasal bones
    3. maxillae
  • Cartiliginous framework (consists of 3 major cartilages)
    1. septal nasal cartilage
    2. Lateral nasal cartilages
    3. major and minor alar cartilages
  • Nasal vestibule
  • External nares (nostrils)
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8
Q

What is the external nares?

A

Nostrils

entry way of air into the nasal vestibules

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9
Q

The nasal cavity (internal nose) is a large cavity surrounded by bones divided into a left and right side by the ___________

A

nasal septum

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10
Q

Nasal cavity communicates with the pharynx via tow openings through the __________

A

internal naris

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11
Q

Ducts from the ________ and the _________ empty into the nasal cavity

A

Ducts from the Paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal ducts empty into the nasal cavity

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12
Q

________ contains the sensory organ for smell

A

Olfactory epithelium

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13
Q

What is the (superior, middle, inferior) Conchae?

A

bony projections from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

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14
Q

What are the meatuses?

A

passageways between the conchae

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15
Q

What are three functions of the conchae and meatuses? (nasal cavity structures)

A
  1. Increase surface area of the nasal cavity
  2. warm and moisten the incoming air
  3. Prevent dehydration by trapping water droplets during exhalation
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16
Q

What is the path of airflow through the nose?

A
  1. Air enters nostrils and is filtered by hairs that line the nasal vestibules
  2. Air swirls through the meatuses
    • Comes into contact with the olfactory epithelium
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17
Q
  1. What is the mucous membrane?
  2. Where would it be found?
  3. What are two functions?
A
  1. The mucous membrane is respiratory epithelium
  2. Lines the nasal cavity
  3. Two functions:
    • blood capillaries of membrane warms air
    • Goblet cells secrete mucus that moistens the air and traps dust particles
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18
Q

What are three functions of the pharynx (throat)?

A
  1. functions as a passageway for air
  2. provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds
  3. houses the tonsils (lymphoid tissue of the immune system)
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19
Q

The pharynx can be divided into 3 anatomical regions:

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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20
Q

Most of the muscles of the pharynx are innervated by _________ from the ___________ supplied by the ___________ and __________ nerves

A

Most of the muscles of the pharynx are innervated by nerve branches from the pharyngeal plexus supplied by the glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) nerves

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21
Q

Which anatomical region is located posterior to the nasal cavity and extends to the plane of the soft palate

A

The Nasopharynx

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22
Q

The _____ hangs from the soft palate

A

Uvula

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23
Q

Paired _________ connect the nasopharynx to the tympanic cavity

A

Auditory tubes

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24
Q

What are the edenoids?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils

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25
Q

During swallowing, _______ and ______ elevate to block nasal cavity to prevent entry of food into lungs

A

During swallowing, soft palate and uvula elevate to block nasal cavity to prevent entry of food into lungs

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26
Q

Which anatomical region of the pharynx is the middle portion between the soft palate and hyoid bone

A

The oropharynx

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27
Q

The _________ forms the anterior wall of the oropharynx

A

base of the tongue

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28
Q

Two pairs of tonsils (the ______ and _______ tonsils) are found in the oropharynx

A

The palatine and lingual tonsils

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29
Q

What is the function of the oropharynx?

A

allow the passage of food, fluid and air

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30
Q

Which anatomical region begins at the level of the hyoid bone and ends at the larynx?

A

The laryngopharynx

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31
Q

The laryngopharynx is lined by what?

A

non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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32
Q

The laryngopharynx functions as both a _____ and a ______ pathway

A

respiratory and digestive pathway

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33
Q

What is commonly referred to as the “voice box”

A

The larynx

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34
Q

The larynx connects the ______ with the _______

A

The larynx connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea

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35
Q

Which structure lies in the middle of the neck anterior to C4-C6 vertebrae?

A

the larynx

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36
Q

Wall of the larynx is composed of____ pieces of cartilage

A

§Wall of the larynx is composed of 9 pieces of cartilage

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37
Q

The 3 single cartilages of the wall of the larynx are?

A
  1. thyroid cartilage
  2. epiglottis
  3. cricoid cartilage
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38
Q

The three paired cartilages of the larynx are?

A
  1. arytenoid,
  2. cuneiform and
  3. corniculate cartilages
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39
Q

______ forms the anterior walls of the larynx

A

thyroid cartilage

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40
Q

The thyroid cartilage is composed of what?

A

two fused plates of hyaline cartilage

Fun fact: larger in males - Adams apple

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41
Q

The thyroid cartilage is connected to the hyoid bone by ?

A

the thyrohyoid membrane

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42
Q

The Cricoid cartilage is a ring of ________ that forms the ______ wall of the larynx

A

The cricoid cartilage is a ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx

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43
Q

The cricoid cartilage is attached to the trachea by?

A

cricotracheal ligament

44
Q

What is the epiglottis composed of?

A

elastic cartilage covered with epithelium

45
Q

The “____” of the epiglottis is attached to the anterior rim of the thyroid cartilage

A

“stem”

46
Q

The “_____” of the epiglottis is unattached and free to move like a trap door

A

Leaf

47
Q

During swallowing the ______ and ______ rise

A

During swallowing the pharynx and larynx rise

48
Q

Elevation of the larynx causes the ______ to move _____ and form a lid over the opening into the ______ - closing it off

A

Elevation of the larynx causes the epiglottis to move down and form a lid over the opening into the larynx - closing it off

49
Q

What are the Paired Artyenoid cartilages?

A

A triangular-shaped hyaline cartilage

50
Q

The paired arytenoid cartilages are located at the ______ and _______ border of the cricoid cartilage

A

The paired arytenoid cartilages are located at the posterior and superior border of the cricoid cartilage

51
Q

The paired arytenoid cartilages for _____ joints with the _____ cartilage and have a wide range of movement.

***importantly, they influence the _____ and _____ of the vocal folds (_______) ***

A

The paired arytenoid cartilages for synovial joints with the cricoid cartilage and have a wide range of movement

**importantly, they influence the positions and tensions of the vocal folds (true vocal cords) ***

52
Q

Which paired cartilages of the larynx are horn-shaped elastic fibers located at the ape of each arytenoid cartilage?

A

The paired corniculate cartliages

53
Q

Which paired cartilages are club-shaped elastic cartilages located anterior to the corniculate cartilages

A

the cuneiform cartilages

54
Q

What is the function of the paired cuneiform cartilages

A

Support the vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis

55
Q

What is the glottis?

A

the narrow passageway through the larynx

56
Q

The glottis consists of a superior pair of folds of mucous membrane (_________) and the space between them (_______)

and

an inferior pair of folds of mucous membrane (_______) and the space between the vocal folds is the ________

A

The glottis consists of a superior pair of folds of mucous membrane (the vestibular folds) and the space between them (rima vestibular)

and

an inferior pair of folds of mucous membrane (the vocal folds) and the space between the vocal folds is the rima glottidis

57
Q

Closing of the larynx during swallowing routes liquids and foods into the _______ and keeps them out of the ______ and ______

A

Closing of the larynx during swallowing routes liquids and foods into the esophagus and keeps them out of the larynx and airways

58
Q

The mucous membrane of the larynx forms two pairs of folds, the superior pair ________ (false vocal cords) and the inferior pair ________ (true vocal cords)

A

The mucous membrane of the larynx forms two pairs of folds, the superior pair ventricular folds (false vocal cords) and the inferior pair vocal folds (true vocal cords)

59
Q

What is the laryngeal ventricle?

A

a lateral expansion of the laryngeal cavity

60
Q

Deep in the vocal folds are bands of _________ stretched between rigid cartilages like “strings on a guitar”

A

elastic ligaments

61
Q

Muscle contraction pulls the cartilage causing the vocal folds to _____ - narrowing the _______

A

Muscle contraction pulls the cartilage causing the vocal folds to stretch out - narrowing the rima glottidis

62
Q

abduction and adduction of the vocal folds

A
63
Q

Air passing through the _____ vibrates the folds and produces sound (______) by setting up sound waves in the column of air in the _______, ______, and ______

A

Air passing through the larynx vibrates the folds and produces sound (phonation) by setting up sound waves in the column of air in the pharynx, nose, and mouth

64
Q

The variation in the pitch of sound is related to the ______ in the _______

A

The variation of pitch of sound is related to the tension in the vocal folds

65
Q

How is louder sound produced?

A

the greater the pressure of air, the greater the vibrations of the vocal folds = louder sound

66
Q

How is higher pitch created?

A

Muscles pull the vocal folds taut causing them to vibrate more rapidly (higher frequency) = higher pitch

67
Q

When the intrinsic muscles of the larynx contract they pull on the _______ causing them to pivot and slide

A

When the intrinsic muscles of the larynx contract they pull on the arytenoid cartilage causing them to pivot and slide

68
Q

Contraction of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles moves the vocal folds ______ (______) = opening the ________

A

Contraction of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles moves the vocal folds apart (abduction) = opening the rima glottidis

69
Q

The lateral cricoarytenoid muscles moves the vocal folds ______ (______) = closing the _______

A

The lateral cricoarytenoid muscles moves the vocal folds together (adduction) = closing the rima glottis

70
Q

The trachea, commonly known as the_____, is a ______

A

wind pipe;

tubular passageway for air

71
Q

The trachea is located ______ to the esophagus and extends from the _______ to the ______ border of the __________ ______ (__) where it divides into the right and left primary ________

A

The trachea is located anterior to the esophagus and extends from the larynx to the superior border of the 5th thoracic vertebra (T5) where it divides into the right and left primary bronchi

72
Q

Name the 4 layers of the trachea wall from deep to superficial

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Media (or middle tunic)
  4. Adventitia
73
Q

Which layer of the trachea wall is composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and lamina propria that contains elastic and reticular fibres?

A

The mucosa

74
Q

Which layer of the trachea wall consists of areolar connective tissue (loose CT) that contains seromucous glands and their ducts

A

the Submucosa

75
Q

Which layer of trachea wall consists of 16 – 20 incomplete, horizontal rings of hyaline cartilage embedded in a fibromuscular membrane (elastic connective tissue)

A

Media or middle tunic

76
Q

Which layer of the trachea wall is made of areolar connective tissue and connects the trachea to surrounding tissue?

A

Adventitia

77
Q

What is the Carina

A

an internal ridge formed by the last tracheal cartilage at the point that the trachea branches into the right and left primary bronchi

78
Q

Each primary bronchus divides into ________ ________ _______

A

Each primary bronchus divides into sequentially smaller branches

79
Q

List the branches of the primary bronchi followed by each sequential branch

A

Main (Primary) bronchi → Lobar (secondary bronchi) → Segmental (tertiary) bronchi → Bronchioles (which continue to branch eventually into terminal bronchioles)

80
Q

Which branch of the bronchial tree has mucous membrane lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells

A

Bronchi

81
Q

Which branch of the bronchial tree has mucous membrane lined with ciliated simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells?

A

Larger bronchioles

82
Q

Which branch of the bronchial tree has mucous membrane lined with simple cuboidal epithelium with no goblet cells?

A

Smaller bronchioles

83
Q

Which branch of the bronchial tree is lined with nonciliated simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

The terminal bronchioles

84
Q

Label the names of the branches in the diagram of airway branching

A
85
Q

What is the pleural membrane?

A

Protective, double-layered serous membrane that surrounds the lungs

86
Q

What is the parietal pleura?

A

The superficial layer of the pleural membrane that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity

87
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A

Layer of the pleura membrane that is attached to the lungs

88
Q

The space between the visceral and parietal pleurae (the ________) contains a small amount of _______ secreted by the two layers

A

The space between the visceral and parietal pleurae (the pleural cavity) contains a small amount of lubricating fluid secreted by the two layers

89
Q

What is pleurisy (or pleuritis)?

A

Inflammation of the pleural membrane

90
Q

What are some anatomical differences between the right and left lungs

A

The right lung is thicker, broader, and shorter than the left lung

91
Q

Label:

  • Base
  • Apex
  • Cardiac notch
  • oblique fissure
  • horizontal fissue
  • inferior lobe
  • middle lobe
  • superior lobe
A
92
Q

What is the costal surface of the lungs?

A

the surface that lies against the ribs

93
Q

What is the mediastinal surface?

The mediastinal surface contains the ______

A

Surface to lungs that faces each other

Contains the hilum - through which bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit

94
Q

The right main bronchus divides into three lobar bronchi, what are they?

A
  1. Superior lobar bronchi
  2. Inferior lobar bronchi
  3. Middle lobar bronchi
95
Q

The left main bronchus divides into 2 lobar bronchi, what are they

A
  1. Superior lobar bronchi
  2. Inferior lobar bronchi
96
Q

The lobar bronchus in each lung divide into 10 ______\_that supply air to the 10 _________\_

A

The lobar bronchus in each lung divide into 10 segmental bronchi that supply air to the 10 segmental bronchopulmonary segments

97
Q

What is a lobule?

A

One of many compartments within a bronchopulmonary segment

98
Q

Each lobule is wrapped in _______

A

Elastic connective tissue

99
Q

Each lobule contains _____ (____, ______, ______) and a branch of a __________ (_______)

A

Each lobule contains vessels (lymphatic, arteriole, venule) and a branch of a terminal bronchiole (respiratory bronchiole)

100
Q

The respiratory bronchiole subdivides into several _______ _______

A

Alveolar ducts

101
Q

Each alveolar duct originate from an ______ ____ that houses many outpouchings called ______

A

Each alveolar duct originate from an alveolar sac that houses many outpouchings called alveoli

102
Q

Alveoli is the site for?

A

gas exchange

103
Q

The walls of the alveoli consist of two types of epithelial cells :

A
  1. Type I Alveolar Cell
  2. Type II Alveolar Cell
104
Q

What is significant about type I alveolar cells?

A

They are squamous epithelium - permits gas exchange

105
Q

What is significant about type II alveolar cells?

A

Secrete surfactant

Reduces surface tension

106
Q

What are alveolar macrophages?

A

Phagocytic cells that engulf particulates

HLSC 120 Human Anatomy (39 decks)

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