Term 3 Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the 6 Principle functions of the Respiratory system?
- Gas transport and exchange
- participation in regulating blood pH
- Contain receptors for the sense of smell
- filters inhaled air
- produces sound (vocalization)
- Eliminates the small amounts of water and heat in exhaled air
What structures are a part of the Upper Respiratory System?
- nose
- pharynx (throat) and associated structures
What four structures are a part of the lower respiratory tract?
- larynx (voice box)
- trachea (windpipe)
- bronchi
- lungs
What two functional parts is the respiratory system divided into?
The conducting zone and the respiratory zone
What 7 structures are a part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
What does this zone do?
Includes:
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
- This zone filters, warms, moistens, and conducts air into the lungs
What four structures are a part of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?
What does this zone do?
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
- Main sites of gas exchange between air and blood
The nose is divided into the external nose and nasal cavity; what is the anatomy of the external nose?
- bony framework
- _______\_
- ______\_
- ______\_
- Cartiliginous framework (consists of 3 major cartilages)
- _______
- _______
- _______
- ________
- ________
- bony framework
- frontal bone
- nasal bones
- maxillae
- Cartiliginous framework (consists of 3 major cartilages)
- septal nasal cartilage
- Lateral nasal cartilages
- major and minor alar cartilages
- Nasal vestibule
- External nares (nostrils)
What is the external nares?
Nostrils
entry way of air into the nasal vestibules
The nasal cavity (internal nose) is a large cavity surrounded by bones divided into a left and right side by the ___________
nasal septum
Nasal cavity communicates with the pharynx via tow openings through the __________
internal naris
Ducts from the ________ and the _________ empty into the nasal cavity
Ducts from the Paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal ducts empty into the nasal cavity
________ contains the sensory organ for smell
Olfactory epithelium
What is the (superior, middle, inferior) Conchae?
bony projections from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
What are the meatuses?
passageways between the conchae
What are three functions of the conchae and meatuses? (nasal cavity structures)
- Increase surface area of the nasal cavity
- warm and moisten the incoming air
- Prevent dehydration by trapping water droplets during exhalation
What is the path of airflow through the nose?
- Air enters nostrils and is filtered by hairs that line the nasal vestibules
- Air swirls through the meatuses
- Comes into contact with the olfactory epithelium
- What is the mucous membrane?
- Where would it be found?
- What are two functions?
- The mucous membrane is respiratory epithelium
- Lines the nasal cavity
- Two functions:
- blood capillaries of membrane warms air
- Goblet cells secrete mucus that moistens the air and traps dust particles
What are three functions of the pharynx (throat)?
- functions as a passageway for air
- provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds
- houses the tonsils (lymphoid tissue of the immune system)
The pharynx can be divided into 3 anatomical regions:
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
Most of the muscles of the pharynx are innervated by _________ from the ___________ supplied by the ___________ and __________ nerves
Most of the muscles of the pharynx are innervated by nerve branches from the pharyngeal plexus supplied by the glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) nerves
Which anatomical region is located posterior to the nasal cavity and extends to the plane of the soft palate
The Nasopharynx
The _____ hangs from the soft palate
Uvula
Paired _________ connect the nasopharynx to the tympanic cavity
Auditory tubes
What are the edenoids?
Pharyngeal tonsils
During swallowing, _______ and ______ elevate to block nasal cavity to prevent entry of food into lungs
During swallowing, soft palate and uvula elevate to block nasal cavity to prevent entry of food into lungs
Which anatomical region of the pharynx is the middle portion between the soft palate and hyoid bone
The oropharynx
The _________ forms the anterior wall of the oropharynx
base of the tongue
Two pairs of tonsils (the ______ and _______ tonsils) are found in the oropharynx
The palatine and lingual tonsils
What is the function of the oropharynx?
allow the passage of food, fluid and air
Which anatomical region begins at the level of the hyoid bone and ends at the larynx?
The laryngopharynx
The laryngopharynx is lined by what?
non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
The laryngopharynx functions as both a _____ and a ______ pathway
respiratory and digestive pathway
What is commonly referred to as the “voice box”
The larynx
The larynx connects the ______ with the _______
The larynx connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea
Which structure lies in the middle of the neck anterior to C4-C6 vertebrae?
the larynx
Wall of the larynx is composed of____ pieces of cartilage
§Wall of the larynx is composed of 9 pieces of cartilage
The 3 single cartilages of the wall of the larynx are?
- thyroid cartilage
- epiglottis
- cricoid cartilage
The three paired cartilages of the larynx are?
- arytenoid,
- cuneiform and
- corniculate cartilages
______ forms the anterior walls of the larynx
thyroid cartilage
The thyroid cartilage is composed of what?
two fused plates of hyaline cartilage
Fun fact: larger in males - Adams apple
The thyroid cartilage is connected to the hyoid bone by ?
the thyrohyoid membrane
The Cricoid cartilage is a ring of ________ that forms the ______ wall of the larynx
The cricoid cartilage is a ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx
The cricoid cartilage is attached to the trachea by?
cricotracheal ligament
What is the epiglottis composed of?
elastic cartilage covered with epithelium
The “____” of the epiglottis is attached to the anterior rim of the thyroid cartilage
“stem”
The “_____” of the epiglottis is unattached and free to move like a trap door
Leaf
During swallowing the ______ and ______ rise
During swallowing the pharynx and larynx rise
Elevation of the larynx causes the ______ to move _____ and form a lid over the opening into the ______ - closing it off
Elevation of the larynx causes the epiglottis to move down and form a lid over the opening into the larynx - closing it off
What are the Paired Artyenoid cartilages?
A triangular-shaped hyaline cartilage
The paired arytenoid cartilages are located at the ______ and _______ border of the cricoid cartilage
The paired arytenoid cartilages are located at the posterior and superior border of the cricoid cartilage
The paired arytenoid cartilages for _____ joints with the _____ cartilage and have a wide range of movement.
***importantly, they influence the _____ and _____ of the vocal folds (_______) ***
The paired arytenoid cartilages for synovial joints with the cricoid cartilage and have a wide range of movement
**importantly, they influence the positions and tensions of the vocal folds (true vocal cords) ***
Which paired cartilages of the larynx are horn-shaped elastic fibers located at the ape of each arytenoid cartilage?
The paired corniculate cartliages
Which paired cartilages are club-shaped elastic cartilages located anterior to the corniculate cartilages
the cuneiform cartilages
What is the function of the paired cuneiform cartilages
Support the vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis
What is the glottis?
the narrow passageway through the larynx
The glottis consists of a superior pair of folds of mucous membrane (_________) and the space between them (_______)
and
an inferior pair of folds of mucous membrane (_______) and the space between the vocal folds is the ________
The glottis consists of a superior pair of folds of mucous membrane (the vestibular folds) and the space between them (rima vestibular)
and
an inferior pair of folds of mucous membrane (the vocal folds) and the space between the vocal folds is the rima glottidis
Closing of the larynx during swallowing routes liquids and foods into the _______ and keeps them out of the ______ and ______
Closing of the larynx during swallowing routes liquids and foods into the esophagus and keeps them out of the larynx and airways
The mucous membrane of the larynx forms two pairs of folds, the superior pair ________ (false vocal cords) and the inferior pair ________ (true vocal cords)
The mucous membrane of the larynx forms two pairs of folds, the superior pair ventricular folds (false vocal cords) and the inferior pair vocal folds (true vocal cords)
What is the laryngeal ventricle?
a lateral expansion of the laryngeal cavity
Deep in the vocal folds are bands of _________ stretched between rigid cartilages like “strings on a guitar”
elastic ligaments
Muscle contraction pulls the cartilage causing the vocal folds to _____ - narrowing the _______
Muscle contraction pulls the cartilage causing the vocal folds to stretch out - narrowing the rima glottidis
abduction and adduction of the vocal folds
Air passing through the _____ vibrates the folds and produces sound (______) by setting up sound waves in the column of air in the _______, ______, and ______
Air passing through the larynx vibrates the folds and produces sound (phonation) by setting up sound waves in the column of air in the pharynx, nose, and mouth
The variation in the pitch of sound is related to the ______ in the _______
The variation of pitch of sound is related to the tension in the vocal folds
How is louder sound produced?
the greater the pressure of air, the greater the vibrations of the vocal folds = louder sound
How is higher pitch created?
Muscles pull the vocal folds taut causing them to vibrate more rapidly (higher frequency) = higher pitch
When the intrinsic muscles of the larynx contract they pull on the _______ causing them to pivot and slide
When the intrinsic muscles of the larynx contract they pull on the arytenoid cartilage causing them to pivot and slide
Contraction of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles moves the vocal folds ______ (______) = opening the ________
Contraction of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles moves the vocal folds apart (abduction) = opening the rima glottidis
The lateral cricoarytenoid muscles moves the vocal folds ______ (______) = closing the _______
The lateral cricoarytenoid muscles moves the vocal folds together (adduction) = closing the rima glottis
The trachea, commonly known as the_____, is a ______
wind pipe;
tubular passageway for air
The trachea is located ______ to the esophagus and extends from the _______ to the ______ border of the __________ ______ (__) where it divides into the right and left primary ________
The trachea is located anterior to the esophagus and extends from the larynx to the superior border of the 5th thoracic vertebra (T5) where it divides into the right and left primary bronchi
Name the 4 layers of the trachea wall from deep to superficial
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Media (or middle tunic)
- Adventitia
Which layer of the trachea wall is composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and lamina propria that contains elastic and reticular fibres?
The mucosa
Which layer of the trachea wall consists of areolar connective tissue (loose CT) that contains seromucous glands and their ducts
the Submucosa
Which layer of trachea wall consists of 16 – 20 incomplete, horizontal rings of hyaline cartilage embedded in a fibromuscular membrane (elastic connective tissue)
Media or middle tunic
Which layer of the trachea wall is made of areolar connective tissue and connects the trachea to surrounding tissue?
Adventitia
What is the Carina
an internal ridge formed by the last tracheal cartilage at the point that the trachea branches into the right and left primary bronchi
Each primary bronchus divides into ________ ________ _______
Each primary bronchus divides into sequentially smaller branches
List the branches of the primary bronchi followed by each sequential branch
Main (Primary) bronchi → Lobar (secondary bronchi) → Segmental (tertiary) bronchi → Bronchioles (which continue to branch eventually into terminal bronchioles)
Which branch of the bronchial tree has mucous membrane lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells
Bronchi
Which branch of the bronchial tree has mucous membrane lined with ciliated simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells?
Larger bronchioles
Which branch of the bronchial tree has mucous membrane lined with simple cuboidal epithelium with no goblet cells?
Smaller bronchioles
Which branch of the bronchial tree is lined with nonciliated simple cuboidal epithelium?
The terminal bronchioles
Label the names of the branches in the diagram of airway branching
What is the pleural membrane?
Protective, double-layered serous membrane that surrounds the lungs
What is the parietal pleura?
The superficial layer of the pleural membrane that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity
What is the visceral pleura?
Layer of the pleura membrane that is attached to the lungs
The space between the visceral and parietal pleurae (the ________) contains a small amount of _______ secreted by the two layers
The space between the visceral and parietal pleurae (the pleural cavity) contains a small amount of lubricating fluid secreted by the two layers
What is pleurisy (or pleuritis)?
Inflammation of the pleural membrane
What are some anatomical differences between the right and left lungs
The right lung is thicker, broader, and shorter than the left lung
Label:
- Base
- Apex
- Cardiac notch
- oblique fissure
- horizontal fissue
- inferior lobe
- middle lobe
- superior lobe
What is the costal surface of the lungs?
the surface that lies against the ribs
What is the mediastinal surface?
The mediastinal surface contains the ______
Surface to lungs that faces each other
Contains the hilum - through which bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit
The right main bronchus divides into three lobar bronchi, what are they?
- Superior lobar bronchi
- Inferior lobar bronchi
- Middle lobar bronchi
The left main bronchus divides into 2 lobar bronchi, what are they
- Superior lobar bronchi
- Inferior lobar bronchi
The lobar bronchus in each lung divide into 10 ______\_that supply air to the 10 _________\_
The lobar bronchus in each lung divide into 10 segmental bronchi that supply air to the 10 segmental bronchopulmonary segments
What is a lobule?
One of many compartments within a bronchopulmonary segment
Each lobule is wrapped in _______
Elastic connective tissue
Each lobule contains _____ (____, ______, ______) and a branch of a __________ (_______)
Each lobule contains vessels (lymphatic, arteriole, venule) and a branch of a terminal bronchiole (respiratory bronchiole)
The respiratory bronchiole subdivides into several _______ _______
Alveolar ducts
Each alveolar duct originate from an ______ ____ that houses many outpouchings called ______
Each alveolar duct originate from an alveolar sac that houses many outpouchings called alveoli
Alveoli is the site for?
gas exchange
The walls of the alveoli consist of two types of epithelial cells :
- Type I Alveolar Cell
- Type II Alveolar Cell
What is significant about type I alveolar cells?
They are squamous epithelium - permits gas exchange
What is significant about type II alveolar cells?
Secrete surfactant
Reduces surface tension
What are alveolar macrophages?
Phagocytic cells that engulf particulates
