Term 3 Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 6 Principle functions of the Respiratory system?
A
- Gas transport and exchange
- participation in regulating blood pH
- Contain receptors for the sense of smell
- filters inhaled air
- produces sound (vocalization)
- Eliminates the small amounts of water and heat in exhaled air
2
Q
What structures are a part of the Upper Respiratory System?
A
- nose
- pharynx (throat) and associated structures
3
Q
What four structures are a part of the lower respiratory tract?
A
- larynx (voice box)
- trachea (windpipe)
- bronchi
- lungs
4
Q
What two functional parts is the respiratory system divided into?
A
The conducting zone and the respiratory zone
5
Q
What 7 structures are a part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
What does this zone do?
A
Includes:
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
- This zone filters, warms, moistens, and conducts air into the lungs
6
Q
What four structures are a part of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?
What does this zone do?
A
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
- Main sites of gas exchange between air and blood
7
Q
The nose is divided into the external nose and nasal cavity; what is the anatomy of the external nose?
- bony framework
- _______\_
- ______\_
- ______\_
- Cartiliginous framework (consists of 3 major cartilages)
- _______
- _______
- _______
- ________
- ________
A
- bony framework
- frontal bone
- nasal bones
- maxillae
- Cartiliginous framework (consists of 3 major cartilages)
- septal nasal cartilage
- Lateral nasal cartilages
- major and minor alar cartilages
- Nasal vestibule
- External nares (nostrils)
8
Q
What is the external nares?
A
Nostrils
entry way of air into the nasal vestibules
9
Q
The nasal cavity (internal nose) is a large cavity surrounded by bones divided into a left and right side by the ___________
A
nasal septum
10
Q
Nasal cavity communicates with the pharynx via tow openings through the __________
A
internal naris
11
Q
Ducts from the ________ and the _________ empty into the nasal cavity
A
Ducts from the Paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal ducts empty into the nasal cavity
12
Q
________ contains the sensory organ for smell
A
Olfactory epithelium
13
Q
What is the (superior, middle, inferior) Conchae?
A
bony projections from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
14
Q
What are the meatuses?
A
passageways between the conchae
15
Q
What are three functions of the conchae and meatuses? (nasal cavity structures)
A
- Increase surface area of the nasal cavity
- warm and moisten the incoming air
- Prevent dehydration by trapping water droplets during exhalation
16
Q
What is the path of airflow through the nose?
A
- Air enters nostrils and is filtered by hairs that line the nasal vestibules
- Air swirls through the meatuses
- Comes into contact with the olfactory epithelium
17
Q
- What is the mucous membrane?
- Where would it be found?
- What are two functions?
A
- The mucous membrane is respiratory epithelium
- Lines the nasal cavity
- Two functions:
- blood capillaries of membrane warms air
- Goblet cells secrete mucus that moistens the air and traps dust particles
18
Q
What are three functions of the pharynx (throat)?
A
- functions as a passageway for air
- provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds
- houses the tonsils (lymphoid tissue of the immune system)
19
Q
The pharynx can be divided into 3 anatomical regions:
A
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
20
Q
Most of the muscles of the pharynx are innervated by _________ from the ___________ supplied by the ___________ and __________ nerves
A
Most of the muscles of the pharynx are innervated by nerve branches from the pharyngeal plexus supplied by the glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) nerves
21
Q
Which anatomical region is located posterior to the nasal cavity and extends to the plane of the soft palate
A
The Nasopharynx
22
Q
The _____ hangs from the soft palate
A
Uvula
23
Q
Paired _________ connect the nasopharynx to the tympanic cavity
A
Auditory tubes
24
Q
What are the edenoids?
A
Pharyngeal tonsils
25
During swallowing, _______ and ______ elevate to block nasal cavity to prevent entry of food into lungs
During swallowing, _soft palate_ and _uvula_ elevate to block nasal cavity to prevent entry of food into lungs
26
Which anatomical region of the pharynx is the middle portion between the soft palate and hyoid bone
The oropharynx
27
The _________ forms the anterior wall of the oropharynx
base of the tongue
28
Two pairs of tonsils (the ______ and _______ tonsils) are found in the oropharynx
The palatine and lingual tonsils
29
What is the function of the oropharynx?
allow the passage of food, fluid and air
30
Which anatomical region begins at the level of the hyoid bone and ends at the larynx?
The laryngopharynx
31
The laryngopharynx is lined by what?
non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
32
The laryngopharynx functions as both a _____ and a ______ pathway
respiratory and digestive pathway
33
What is commonly referred to as the "voice box"
The larynx
34
The larynx connects the ______ with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The larynx connects the _laryngopharynx_ with the _trachea_
35
Which structure lies in the middle of the neck anterior to C4-C6 vertebrae?
the larynx
36
Wall of the larynx is composed of\_\_\_\_ pieces of cartilage
§Wall of the larynx is composed of _9_ pieces of cartilage
37
The 3 single cartilages of the wall of the larynx are?
1. thyroid cartilage
2. epiglottis
3. cricoid cartilage
38
The three paired cartilages of the larynx are?
1. arytenoid,
2. cuneiform and
3. corniculate cartilages
39
\_\_\_\_\_\_ forms the **anterior walls** of the larynx
thyroid cartilage
40
The thyroid cartilage is composed of what?
two fused plates of hyaline cartilage
Fun fact: larger in males - Adams apple
41
The thyroid cartilage is connected to the hyoid bone by ?
the thyrohyoid membrane
42
The Cricoid cartilage is a ring of ________ that forms the ______ wall of the larynx
The cricoid cartilage is a ring of _hyaline cartilage_ that forms the _inferior_ wall of the larynx
43
The cricoid cartilage is attached to the trachea by?
cricotracheal ligament
44
What is the epiglottis composed of?
elastic cartilage covered with epithelium
45
The "\_\_\_\_" of the epiglottis is attached to the anterior rim of the thyroid cartilage
"stem"
46
The "\_\_\_\_\_" of the epiglottis is unattached and free to move like a trap door
Leaf
47
During swallowing the ______ and ______ rise
During swallowing the _pharynx_ and _larynx_ rise
48
Elevation of the larynx causes the ______ to move _____ and form a lid over the opening into the ______ - closing it off
Elevation of the larynx causes the _epiglottis_ to move _down_ and form a lid over the opening into the _larynx_ - closing it off
49
What are the Paired Artyenoid cartilages?
A triangular-shaped hyaline cartilage
50
The paired arytenoid cartilages are located at the ______ and _______ border of the cricoid cartilage
The paired arytenoid cartilages are located at the _posterior_ and _superior_ border of the cricoid cartilage
51
The paired arytenoid cartilages for _____ joints with the _____ cartilage and have a wide range of movement.
\*\*\*importantly, they influence the _____ and _____ of the vocal folds (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) \*\*\*
The paired arytenoid cartilages for _synovial_ joints with the _cricoid_ cartilage and have a wide range of movement
\*\*importantly, they influence the _positions_ and _tensions_ of the vocal folds (_true vocal cords_) \*\*\*
52
Which paired cartilages of the larynx are horn-shaped elastic fibers located at the ape of each arytenoid cartilage?
The paired corniculate cartliages
53
Which paired cartilages are club-shaped elastic cartilages located **anterior** to the corniculate cartilages
the cuneiform cartilages
54
What is the function of the paired cuneiform cartilages
Support the vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis
55
What is the glottis?
the narrow passageway through the larynx
56
The glottis consists of a **superior** pair of folds of mucous membrane (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) and the space between them (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)
and
an **inferior** pair of folds of mucous membrane (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) and the space between the vocal folds is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The glottis consists of a superior pair of folds of mucous membrane (_the vestibular folds_) and the space between them (_rima vestibular_)
and
an inferior pair of folds of mucous membrane (_the vocal folds)_ and the space between the vocal folds is the _rima glottidis_
57
Closing of the larynx during swallowing routes liquids and foods into the _______ and keeps them out of the ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
Closing of the larynx during swallowing routes liquids and foods into the _esophagus_ and keeps them out of the _larynx_ and _airways_
58
The mucous membrane of the larynx forms two pairs of folds, the superior pair ________ (false vocal cords) and the inferior pair ________ (true vocal cords)
The mucous membrane of the larynx forms two pairs of folds, the superior pair _ventricular folds_ (false vocal cords) and the inferior pair _vocal folds_ (true vocal cords)
59
What is the laryngeal ventricle?
a lateral expansion of the laryngeal cavity
60
Deep in the vocal folds are bands of _________ stretched between rigid cartilages like "strings on a guitar"
elastic ligaments
61
Muscle contraction pulls the cartilage causing the vocal folds to _____ - narrowing the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Muscle contraction pulls the cartilage causing the vocal folds to _stretch out_ - narrowing the _rima glottidis_
62
abduction and adduction of the vocal folds
63
Air passing through the _____ vibrates the folds and produces sound (\_\_\_\_\_\_) by setting up sound waves in the column of air in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_
Air passing through the _larynx_ vibrates the folds and produces sound (_phonation_) by setting up sound waves in the column of air in the _pharynx_, _nose_, and _mouth_
64
The variation in the pitch of sound is related to the ______ in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The variation of pitch of sound is related to the _tension_ in the _vocal folds_
65
How is louder sound produced?
the greater the pressure of air, the greater the vibrations of the vocal folds = louder sound
66
How is higher pitch created?
Muscles pull the vocal folds taut causing them to vibrate more rapidly (higher frequency) = higher pitch
67
When the **intrinsic** muscles of the larynx contract they pull on the _______ causing them to **pivot** and **slide**
When the **intrinsic** muscles of the larynx contract they pull on the _arytenoid cartilage_ causing them to **pivot** and **slide**
68
Contraction of the **posterior cricoarytenoid muscles** moves the vocal folds ______ (\_\_\_\_\_\_) = opening the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Contraction of the **posterior cricoarytenoid muscles** moves the vocal folds _apart_ (_abduction_) = opening the _rima glottidis_
69
The **lateral cricoarytenoid muscles** moves the vocal folds ______ (\_\_\_\_\_\_) = closing the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The **lateral cricoarytenoid muscles** moves the vocal folds _together_ (_adduction_) = closing the _rima glottis_
70
The trachea, commonly known as the\_\_\_\_\_, is a \_\_\_\_\_\_
wind pipe;
tubular passageway for air
71
The trachea is located ______ to the esophagus and extends from the _______ to the ______ border of the __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_ (\_\_) where it divides into the right and left primary \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The trachea is located _anterior_ to the esophagus and extends from the _larynx_ to the _superior_ border of the _5th thoracic_ _vertebra_ (_T5_) where it divides into the right and left primary _bronchi_
72
Name the 4 layers of the trachea wall from deep to superficial
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Media (or middle tunic)
4. Adventitia
73
Which layer of the trachea wall is composed of **pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium** and **lamina propria** that contains elastic and reticular fibres?
The mucosa
74
Which layer of the trachea wall consists of **areolar connective tissue** (loose CT) that contains **seromucous glands** and their ducts
the Submucosa
75
Which layer of trachea wall consists of 16 – 20 incomplete, horizontal rings of **hyaline** **cartilage** embedded in a **fibromuscular membrane** (elastic connective tissue)
Media or middle tunic
76
Which layer of the trachea wall is made of areolar connective tissue and connects the trachea to surrounding tissue?
Adventitia
77
What is the **Carina**
an internal ridge formed by the last tracheal cartilage at the point that the trachea branches into the right and left primary bronchi
78
Each primary bronchus divides into ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Each primary bronchus divides into _sequentially smaller branches_
79
List the branches of the primary bronchi followed by each sequential branch
Main (Primary) bronchi → Lobar (secondary bronchi) → Segmental (tertiary) bronchi → Bronchioles (which continue to branch eventually into terminal bronchioles)
80
Which branch of the bronchial tree has mucous membrane lined with **pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells**
Bronchi
81
Which branch of the bronchial tree has mucous membrane lined with ciliated simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells?
Larger bronchioles
82
Which branch of the bronchial tree has mucous membrane lined with simple cuboidal epithelium with no goblet cells?
Smaller bronchioles
83
Which branch of the bronchial tree is lined with nonciliated simple cuboidal epithelium?
The terminal bronchioles
84
Label the names of the branches in the diagram of airway branching
85
What is the pleural membrane?
Protective, double-layered serous membrane that surrounds the lungs
86
What is the parietal pleura?
The superficial layer of the pleural membrane that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity
87
What is the visceral pleura?
Layer of the pleura membrane that is attached to the lungs
88
The space between the visceral and parietal pleurae (the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) contains a small amount of _______ secreted by the two layers
The space between the visceral and parietal pleurae (the _pleural cavity_) contains a small amount of _lubricating fluid_ secreted by the two layers
89
What is pleurisy (or pleuritis)?
Inflammation of the pleural membrane
90
What are some anatomical differences between the right and left lungs
The right lung is thicker, broader, and shorter than the left lung
91
Label:
* Base
* Apex
* Cardiac notch
* oblique fissure
* horizontal fissue
* inferior lobe
* middle lobe
* superior lobe
92
What is the costal surface of the lungs?
the surface that lies against the ribs
93
What is the mediastinal surface?
The mediastinal surface contains the \_\_\_\_\_\_
Surface to lungs that faces each other
Contains the hilum - through which bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit
94
The **right** main bronchus divides into three lobar bronchi, what are they?
1. Superior lobar bronchi
2. Inferior lobar bronchi
3. Middle lobar bronchi
95
The left main bronchus divides into **2** lobar bronchi, what are they
1. Superior lobar bronchi
2. Inferior lobar bronchi
96
The lobar bronchus in each lung divide into 10 _\_\_\_\_\_\_\__that supply air to the 10 _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\__
The lobar bronchus in each lung divide into 10 _segmental bronchi_ that supply air to the 10 _segmental bronchopulmonary segments_
97
What is a lobule?
One of many compartments within a bronchopulmonary segment
98
Each lobule is wrapped in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Elastic connective tissue
99
Each lobule contains _____ (\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_) and a branch of a __________ (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)
Each lobule contains _vessels_ (_lymphatic_, _arteriole_, _venule_) and a branch of a _terminal bronchiole_ (_respiratory bronchiole_)
100
The respiratory bronchiole subdivides into several _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Alveolar ducts
101
Each alveolar duct originate from an ______ \_\_\_\_ that houses many outpouchings called \_\_\_\_\_\_
Each alveolar duct originate from an _alveolar sac_ that houses many outpouchings called _alveoli_
102
Alveoli is the site for?
gas exchange
103
The walls of the alveoli consist of two types of epithelial cells :
1. Type I Alveolar Cell
2. Type II Alveolar Cell
104
What is significant about type I alveolar cells?
They are squamous epithelium - permits gas exchange
105
What is significant about type II alveolar cells?
Secrete surfactant
Reduces surface tension
106
What are alveolar macrophages?
Phagocytic cells that engulf particulates
