Term 4 Female reproductive system chapter 26 Flashcards
Female reproductive organs include the following:
- ____\_ – produce secondary oocytes and some sex hormones
- _____\_or ___\_ – transport secondary oocyte or fertilized ova to the uterus, site of fertilization
- ____\_ – site of embryonic and fetal development
- ____\_ – passage that leads from the exterior to the uterus
- ______\_ – external genital organs
- _______\_ – produce milk
Female reproductive organs include the following:
- Ovaries – produce secondary oocytes and some sex hormones
- Uterine (Fallopian) tubes or oviducts – transport secondary oocyte or fertilized ova to the uterus, site of fertilization
- Uterus – site of embryonic and fetal development
- Vagina – passage that leads from the exterior to the uterus
- Vulva (pudendum) – external genital organs
- Mammary glands – produce milk
The female gonads are the _____: paired glands that secrete sex hormones
Ovaries
A series of ligaments hold the ovaries in place, including:
- The _______ which is part of the parietal peritoneum and attaches to the ovaries by a double-layered fold of peritoneum called the _____
- The _____ anchors the ovaries to the uterus
- The ______ ligament attaches the ovaries to the pelvic wall
A series of ligaments hold the ovaries in place, including:
- The broad ligament which is part of the parietal peritoneum and attaches to the ovaries by a double-layered fold of peritoneum called the mesovarium
- The ovarian ligament anchors the ovaries to the uterus
- The suspensory ligament attaches the ovaries to the pelvic wall
Each ovary contains a ______ which is the point of entrance/exit for blood vessels and nerves along which the ______ is attached
Each ovary contains a hilum which is the point of entrance/exit for blood vessels and nerves along which the mesovarium is attached
Each ovary consists of a:
- ______ - layer of simple epithelium that cover the ovary
- ______- covers the mesovarium
- _______ - whitish capsule of dense irregular connective tissue
- ______ - consists of ovarian follicles surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen fibres and stromal cells
- ________ - deep to ovarian cortex, consists of loosely arranged CT and contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
Each ovary consists of a:
- Germinal epithelium - layer of simple epithelium that cover the ovary
- Mesothelium- covers the mesovarium
- Tunica Albuginea - a whitish capsule of dense irregular connective tissue
- Ovarian Cortex - consists of ovarian follicles surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen fibres and stromal cells
- Ovarian medulla - deep to ovarian cortex, consists of loosely arranged CT and contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
The _______ are located in the ovarian cortex and consist of oocytes in various stages of development and the epithelial cells surrounding them
Ovarian follicles
Epithelial cells that form a single layer around the oocytes are called _______
Epithelial cells that form a single layer around the oocytes are called follicular cells
Epithelial cells of the ovarian follicles that form multiple layers are called ______
Epithelial cells that form a single layer around the oocytes are called granulosa cells
The epithelial cells of the Ovarian follicles ____ the developing oocyte and begin to secrete ______ as the follicle grows larger
The epithelial cells of the Ovarian follicles nourish the developing oocyte and begin to secrete estrogen as the follicle grows larger
is the formation of the female gametes
Oogenesis is the formation of the female gametes
During early fetal development, primordial (primitive) germ cells migrate from the yolk sac to the ovaries, these germ cells differentiate within the ovaries into _________ which are diploid stem cells that divide mitotically to produce millions of ______
During early fetal development, primordial (primitive) germ cells migrate from the yolk sac to the ovaries, these germ cells differentiate within the ovaries into oogonia which are diploid stem cells that divide mitotically to produce millions of germ cells
Before birth, most germ cells degenerate in a process known as ______
Before birth, most germ cells degenerate in a process known as atresia
The germ cells that don’t degenerate in atresia develop into larger cells called _____ ____\_that enter prophase of meiosis I during fetal development but do not complete that phase until _______\_
The germ cells that don’t degenerate in atresia develop into larger cells called primary oocytes that enter prophase of meiosis I during fetal development but do not complete that phase until after puberty.
During the arrested stage of oogenesis, each primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells : this is called the _______
During the arrested stage of oogenesis, each primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells : this is called the primordial follicle
The ovarian cortex surrounding the primordial follicles consists of ______ fibres and _____-like _______ cells
The ovarian cortex surrounding the primordial follicles consists of collagen fibres and fibroblast-like stromal cells
Of the 200,000 to 2,000,000 primary oocytes remaining at birth, how many will mature and ovulate during a woman’s reproductive lifetime?
~400
After puberty, ~each month gonadotropins (____, and ____) stimulate development of several primordial follicles:
- Outer epithelial cells differentiate, becoming ______
- Basement membrane form a clear glycoprotein layer (______) between the primary oocyte and granulosa cells
- Stromal cells surrounding the basement membrane begin to form an organized layer (_______)
After puberty, ~each month gonadotropins (FSH, and LH) stimulate development of several primordial follicles:
- Outer epithelial cells differentiate, becoming granulosa cells
- Basement membrane form a clear glycoprotein layer (zona pelucida) between the primary oocyte and granulosa cells
- Stromal cells surrounding the basement membrane begin to form an organized layer (theca folliculi)
The primary follicle develops into a secondary follicle:
- Theca folliculi differentiates into 2 layers:
- ______ - highly vascularized layer of cuboidal secretory cells (secrete estrogen)
- ______ - outer layer of stromal cells and collagen fibres
- Granulosa cells begin to secrete _______ that accumulates in the ______
- Innermost granulosa cells attach firmly to the zona pelucida forming a layer: _______
The primary follicle develops into a secondary follicle:
- Theca folliculi differentiates into 2 layers:
- Theca interna - highly vascularized layer of cuboidal secretory cells (secrete estrogen)
- Theca externa - outer layer of stromal cells and collagen fibres
- Granulosa cells begin to secrete follicular fluid that accumulates in the antrum
- Innermost granulosa cells attach firmly to the zona pelucida forming a layer: corona radiata
The ________\_ is a large, fluid-filled follicle that is ready to rupture and expel its secondary oocyte (ovulation)
The mature (graafian) follicle is a large, fluid-filled follicle that is ready to rupture and expel its secondary oocyte (ovulation)
Label the Mature (graafian) follicle:
- Primary oocyte
- Theca folliculi
- theca externa
- theca interna
- Granulosa cells
- Antrum
- Basement membrane
- zona pellucida
- corona radiata
Use the image to summarize oogenesis and follicular development
The _______ contains the remnants of the mature follicle after ovulation and secretes _______, _____, _____, and _____ until it degenerates into fibrous scar tissue (______)
The corpus luteum contains the remnants of the mature follicle after ovulation and secretes progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, and inhibin until it degenerates into fibrous scar tissue (corpus albicans)
The _______ extend laterally from the uterus, between folds of the broad ligaments and function to transport secondary oocytes or fertilized ova from the ovaries to the ______
The Uterine (fallopian) tubes extend laterally from the uterus, between folds of the broad ligaments and function to transport secondary oocytes or fertilized ova from the ovaries to the uterus
The _____, the funnel-shaped portion of the uterine tubes, is close to the ovary and opens to the ______ cavity. The end is encircled by a fringe of ______ with one attached to the ovary
The infundibulum, the funnel-shaped portion of the uterine tubes, is close to the ovary and opens to the peritoneal cavity. The end is encircled by a fringe of fimbriae with one fimbria attached to the ovary
The ____ of the uterine tube is the widest, longest portion
Ampulla
The ____\_ of the uterine tube is the more medial, short, narrow, thick-walled portion that joins the uterus
The isthmus of the uterine tube is the more medial, short, narrow, thick-walled portion that joins the uterus
The uterine tubes are composed of three layers:
- _-_ciliated columnar cells help move secondary oocyte or fertilized ovum along the tube
- inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle tissue
- - serous membrane
The uterine tubes are composed of three layers:
- _mucosa -_ciliated columnar cells help move secondary oocyte or fertilized ovum along the tube
- muscularis- inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle tissue
- serosa- serous membrane
The _____ is located between the urinary bladder and rectum
uterus
Anatomical subdivisions of the uterus:
- _______ - superior dome-shaped region
- _______- major tapering central region, surrounds the ______ cavity
- _______ - narrow region that opens to the vagina through the _____ canal
- _____ of the uterus is located between the body of the uterus and the cervix
Anatomical subdivisions of the uterus:
- Fundus - superior dome-shaped region
- body- major tapering central region, surrounds the uterine cavity
- Cervix - narrow region that opens to the vagina through the cervical canal
- Isthmus of the uterus is located between the body of the uterus and the cervix
The cervical canal opens into the uterine cavity at the ______ and into the vagina at the _______
The cervical canal opens into the uterine cavity at the internal os and into the vagina at the external os
The uterus is held in position by pairs of ______:
- _______ ligaments- attach uterus to either side of the pelvic cavity
- ________ ligament - connect the uterus to the sacrum
- ______ (________) ligaments - extend from the pelvic wall to the cervix and vagina
- ______ ligaments - extend from a point just inferior to the uterine tubes to a portion of the labia major of the external genitalia
The uterus is held in position by pairs of ligaments:
- Board ligaments- attach uterus to either side of the pelvic cavity
- Uterosacral ligament - connect the uterus to the sacrum
- Cardinal (lateral cervical) ligaments - extend from the pelvic wall to the cervix and vagina
- round ligaments - extend from a point just inferior to the uterine tubes to a portion of the labia major of the external genitalia
The uterine wall consists of three layers of tissue:
- - outer layter
- consists of three layers of smooth muscle fibres (thickest in fundus and thinnest in cervix)
- highly vascularized; composed of three components (simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, endometrial glands)
The uterine wall consists of three layers of tissue:
- Perimetrium
- Myometrium
- Endometrium
The outer layer of the uterus (perimetrium) has a shallow pouch called the _______, and deep pouch at the posterior called the ______ and lateral extensions that are continuous as the _____ ligament
The outer layer of the uterus (perimetrium) has a shallow pouch called the vesicouterine pouch, and deep pouch at the posterior called the rectouterine pouch and lateral extensions that are continuous as the broad ligament
Which part of the endometrium of the uterus sloughs off during menstruation?
Stratum functionalis
______ - deep to the stratum functionalis of the endometrium is a permanent layer that gives rise to new stratum functionalis
Stratum basalis - deep to the stratum functionalis of the endometrium is a permanent layer that gives rise to new stratum functionalis
________ secretions protect and nourish fertilized ovum following implantation
Endometrial gland secretions protect and nourish fertilized ovum following implantation
Blood supply to the uterus comes from branches of the
→ → → → (a) _______ supply stratum basalis and → (b) _______supply stratum functionalis
Internal iliac artery → Uterine arteries → Arcuate arteries → Radial arteries→ (a) Straight arterioles supply stratum basalis and → (b) Spiral arterioles stratum functionalis
The _____ is a long tubular fibro-muscular canal lined with mucous membrane
The vagina is a long tubular fibro-muscular canal lined with mucous membrane
The ______ is a recess that surrounds the vaginal attachment to the cervix
- mucosa at this area forms transverse folds called _____
The fornix is a recess that surrounds the vaginal attachment to the cervix
- mucosa at this area forms transverse folds called rugae
The vaginal wall consists of 3 layers of tissue:
- ________- consists of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- _______ - consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle that stretches to accommodate the penis during sex and infant during childbirth
- _______ - attaches vagina to adjacent organs (urethra, urinary bladder, rectum and anal canal)
The vaginal wall consists of 3 layers of tissue:
- Mucosa- consists of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Muscularis - consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle that stretches to accommodate the penis during sex and infant during childbirth
- Adventitia - attaches vagina to adjacent organs (urethra, urinary bladder, rectum and anal canal)
_____ refers to the female external genitals and includes:
- _______ - elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and coarse pubic hair that cushions the pubic symphysis
- _______ - extends from ^ ; covered in pubic hair and contains abundant adipose tissue, sebaceous glands and apocrine sudoriferous (sweat) glands
- _______ - located medial to ^ and consists of two smaller folds of skin that are devoid of hair and fat
- _______ - Mass of erectile tissue and nerves at the anterior junction of labia minora
pedundum refers to the female external genitals and includes:
- Mons pubis - elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and coarse pubic hair that cushions the pubic symphysis
- Labia majora - extends from ^ ; covered in pubic hair and contains abundant adipose tissue, sebaceous glands and apocrine sudoriferous (sweat) glands
- Labia minora - located medial to ^ and consists of two smaller folds of skin that are devoid of hair and fat
- Clitoris - Mass of erectile tissue and nerves at the anterior junction of labia minora
The _____ is the region between labia minora
The vestibule is the region between labia minora
Mucus secreting glands of the vagina:
- _________ glands - embedded in the urethral wall, empties through openings that flank the external urethral orifice
- _________ glands - flank the vaginal orifice, secretes into a groove between hymen and labia minora
- _________ glands - secrete into vestibule
Mucus secreting glands of the vagina:
- Paraurethral glands - embedded in the urethral wall, empties through openings that flank the external urethral orifice
- Greater vestibular glands - flank the vaginal orifice, secretes into a groove between hymen and labia minora
- Lesser vestibular glands - secrete into vestibule
The breast project anterior to the ______ and ______ muscles
The breast project anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles
The _____\_ is a series of closely spaced openings of lactiferous ducts where milk emerges
The nipple is a series of closely spaced openings of lactiferous ducts where milk emerges
Lactation is the process of milk synthesis, secretion and ejection
- Milk is produced in ___\_ located within lobules
- Milk is stored in _____\_ and then carried out via ________ducts to the surface of the breast
Lactation is the process of milk synthesis, secretion and ejection
- Milk is produced in alveoli located within lobules
- Milk is stored in lactiferous sinus and then carried out via lactiferous ducts to the surface of the breast
The ____\_ contains modified sebaceous glands
The areola contains modified sebaceous glands
The _______of the breast (_______) run between the skin and fascia and support the breast.
The suspensory ligaments of the breast (Cooper’s ligaments) run between the skin and fascia and support the breast.
