Term 4 Female reproductive system chapter 26

Question 1

Female reproductive organs include the following:

• ____\_ – produce secondary oocytes and some sex hormones
• _____\_or ___\_ – transport secondary oocyte or fertilized ova to the uterus, site of fertilization
• ____\_ – site of embryonic and fetal development
• ____\_ – passage that leads from the exterior to the uterus
• ______\_ – external genital organs
• _______\_ – produce milk

Answer 1

Female reproductive organs include the following:

• Ovaries – produce secondary oocytes and some sex hormones
• Uterine (Fallopian) tubes or oviducts – transport secondary oocyte or fertilized ova to the uterus, site of fertilization
• Uterus – site of embryonic and fetal development
• Vagina – passage that leads from the exterior to the uterus
• Vulva (pudendum) – external genital organs
• Mammary glands – produce milk

Question 2

The female gonads are the _____: paired glands that secrete sex hormones

Answer 2

Ovaries

Question 3

A series of ligaments hold the ovaries in place, including:

1. The _______ which is part of the parietal peritoneum and attaches to the ovaries by a double-layered fold of peritoneum called the _____
2. The _____ anchors the ovaries to the uterus
3. The ______ ligament attaches the ovaries to the pelvic wall

Answer 3

A series of ligaments hold the ovaries in place, including:

1. The broad ligament which is part of the parietal peritoneum and attaches to the ovaries by a double-layered fold of peritoneum called the mesovarium
2. The ovarian ligament anchors the ovaries to the uterus
3. The suspensory ligament attaches the ovaries to the pelvic wall

Question 4

Each ovary contains a ______ which is the point of entrance/exit for blood vessels and nerves along which the ______ is attached

Answer 4

Each ovary contains a hilum which is the point of entrance/exit for blood vessels and nerves along which the mesovarium is attached

Question 5

Each ovary consists of a:

• ______ - layer of simple epithelium that cover the ovary
• ______- covers the mesovarium
• _______ - whitish capsule of dense irregular connective tissue
• ______ - consists of ovarian follicles surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen fibres and stromal cells
• ________ - deep to ovarian cortex, consists of loosely arranged CT and contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves

Answer 5

Each ovary consists of a:

• Germinal epithelium - layer of simple epithelium that cover the ovary
• Mesothelium- covers the mesovarium
• Tunica Albuginea - a whitish capsule of dense irregular connective tissue
• Ovarian Cortex - consists of ovarian follicles surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen fibres and stromal cells
• Ovarian medulla - deep to ovarian cortex, consists of loosely arranged CT and contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves

Question 6

The _______ are located in the ovarian cortex and consist of oocytes in various stages of development and the epithelial cells surrounding them

Answer 6

Ovarian follicles

Question 7

Epithelial cells that form a single layer around the oocytes are called _______

Answer 7

Epithelial cells that form a single layer around the oocytes are called follicular cells

Question 8

Epithelial cells of the ovarian follicles that form multiple layers are called ______

Answer 8

Epithelial cells that form a single layer around the oocytes are called granulosa cells

Question 9

The epithelial cells of the Ovarian follicles ____ the developing oocyte and begin to secrete ______ as the follicle grows larger

Answer 9

The epithelial cells of the Ovarian follicles nourish the developing oocyte and begin to secrete estrogen as the follicle grows larger

Question 10

is the formation of the female gametes

Answer 10

Oogenesis is the formation of the female gametes

Question 11

During early fetal development, primordial (primitive) germ cells migrate from the yolk sac to the ovaries, these germ cells differentiate within the ovaries into _________ which are diploid stem cells that divide mitotically to produce millions of ______

Answer 11

During early fetal development, primordial (primitive) germ cells migrate from the yolk sac to the ovaries, these germ cells differentiate within the ovaries into oogonia which are diploid stem cells that divide mitotically to produce millions of germ cells

Question 12

Before birth, most germ cells degenerate in a process known as ______

Answer 12

Before birth, most germ cells degenerate in a process known as atresia

Question 13

The germ cells that don’t degenerate in atresia develop into larger cells called _____ ____\_that enter prophase of meiosis I during fetal development but do not complete that phase until _______\_

Answer 13

The germ cells that don’t degenerate in atresia develop into larger cells called primary oocytes that enter prophase of meiosis I during fetal development but do not complete that phase until after puberty.

Question 14

During the arrested stage of oogenesis, each primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells : this is called the _______

Answer 14

During the arrested stage of oogenesis, each primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells : this is called the primordial follicle

Question 15

The ovarian cortex surrounding the primordial follicles consists of ______ fibres and _____-like _______ cells

Answer 15

The ovarian cortex surrounding the primordial follicles consists of collagen fibres and fibroblast-like stromal cells

Question 16

Of the 200,000 to 2,000,000 primary oocytes remaining at birth, how many will mature and ovulate during a woman’s reproductive lifetime?

Answer 16

~400

Question 17

After puberty, ~each month gonadotropins (____, and ____) stimulate development of several primordial follicles:

• Outer epithelial cells differentiate, becoming ______
• Basement membrane form a clear glycoprotein layer (______) between the primary oocyte and granulosa cells
• Stromal cells surrounding the basement membrane begin to form an organized layer (_______)

Answer 17

After puberty, ~each month gonadotropins (FSH, and LH) stimulate development of several primordial follicles:

• Outer epithelial cells differentiate, becoming granulosa cells
• Basement membrane form a clear glycoprotein layer (zona pelucida) between the primary oocyte and granulosa cells
• Stromal cells surrounding the basement membrane begin to form an organized layer (theca folliculi)

Question 18

The primary follicle develops into a secondary follicle:

• Theca folliculi differentiates into 2 layers:
  
  • ______ - highly vascularized layer of cuboidal secretory cells (secrete estrogen)
  • ______ - outer layer of stromal cells and collagen fibres
• Granulosa cells begin to secrete _______ that accumulates in the ______
• Innermost granulosa cells attach firmly to the zona pelucida forming a layer: _______

Answer 18

The primary follicle develops into a secondary follicle:

• Theca folliculi differentiates into 2 layers:
  
  • Theca interna - highly vascularized layer of cuboidal secretory cells (secrete estrogen)
  • Theca externa - outer layer of stromal cells and collagen fibres
• Granulosa cells begin to secrete follicular fluid that accumulates in the antrum
• Innermost granulosa cells attach firmly to the zona pelucida forming a layer: corona radiata

Question 19

The ________\_ is a large, fluid-filled follicle that is ready to rupture and expel its secondary oocyte (ovulation)

Answer 19

The mature (graafian) follicle is a large, fluid-filled follicle that is ready to rupture and expel its secondary oocyte (ovulation)

Question 20

Label the Mature (graafian) follicle:

• Primary oocyte
• Theca folliculi
  
  • theca externa
  • theca interna
• Granulosa cells
• Antrum
• Basement membrane
• zona pellucida
• corona radiata

Answer 20

Question 21

Use the image to summarize oogenesis and follicular development

Answer 21

Question 22

The _______ contains the remnants of the mature follicle after ovulation and secretes _______, _____, _____, and _____ until it degenerates into fibrous scar tissue (______)

Answer 22

The corpus luteum contains the remnants of the mature follicle after ovulation and secretes progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, and inhibin until it degenerates into fibrous scar tissue (corpus albicans)

Question 23

The _______ extend laterally from the uterus, between folds of the broad ligaments and function to transport secondary oocytes or fertilized ova from the ovaries to the ______

Answer 23

The Uterine (fallopian) tubes extend laterally from the uterus, between folds of the broad ligaments and function to transport secondary oocytes or fertilized ova from the ovaries to the uterus

Question 24

The _____, the funnel-shaped portion of the uterine tubes, is close to the ovary and opens to the ______ cavity. The end is encircled by a fringe of ______ with one attached to the ovary

Answer 24

The infundibulum, the funnel-shaped portion of the uterine tubes, is close to the ovary and opens to the peritoneal cavity. The end is encircled by a fringe of fimbriae with one fimbria attached to the ovary

Question 25

The ____ of the uterine tube is the widest, longest portion

Answer 25

Ampulla

Question 26

The _\_\_\_\_\__ of the uterine tube is the more medial, short, narrow, thick-walled portion that joins the uterus

Answer 26

The _isthmus_ of the uterine tube is the more medial, short, narrow, thick-walled portion that joins the uterus

Question 27

The uterine tubes are composed of three layers: 1. _-_ciliated columnar cells help move secondary oocyte or fertilized ovum along the tube 2. - inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle tissue 3. _-_ serous membrane

Answer 27

The uterine tubes are composed of three layers: 1. _mucosa -_ciliated columnar cells help move secondary oocyte or fertilized ovum along the tube 2. _muscularis_- inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle tissue 3. _serosa-_ serous membrane

Question 28

The _____ is located between the urinary bladder and rectum

Answer 28

uterus

Question 29

Anatomical subdivisions of the uterus: * _______ - superior dome-shaped region * \_\_\_\_\_\_\_- major tapering central region, surrounds the ______ cavity * _______ - narrow region that opens to the vagina through the _____ canal * _____ of the uterus is located between the body of the uterus and the cervix

Answer 29

Anatomical subdivisions of the uterus: * _Fundus_ - superior dome-shaped region * _body_- major tapering central region, surrounds the _uterine_ cavity * _Cervix_ - narrow region that opens to the vagina through the _cervical_ canal * _Isthmus_ of the uterus is located between the body of the uterus and the cervix

Question 30

The cervical canal opens into the uterine cavity at the ______ and into the vagina at the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 30

The cervical canal opens into the uterine cavity at the _internal os_ and into the vagina at the _external os_

Question 31

The uterus is held in position by pairs of \_\_\_\_\_\_: * _______ ligaments- attach uterus to either side of the pelvic cavity * ________ ligament - connect the uterus to the sacrum * ______ (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) ligaments - extend from the pelvic wall to the cervix and vagina * ______ ligaments - extend from a point just inferior to the uterine tubes to a portion of the labia major of the external genitalia

Answer 31

The uterus is held in position by pairs of _ligaments_: * _Board_ ligaments- attach uterus to either side of the pelvic cavity * _Uterosacral_ ligament - connect the uterus to the sacrum * _Cardinal_ (_lateral cervical_) ligaments - extend from the pelvic wall to the cervix and vagina * _round_ ligaments - extend from a point just inferior to the uterine tubes to a portion of the labia major of the external genitalia

Question 32

The uterine wall consists of three layers of tissue: 1. _-_ outer layter 2. - consists of three layers of smooth muscle fibres (thickest in fundus and thinnest in cervix) 3. - highly vascularized; composed of three components (simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, endometrial glands)

Answer 32

The uterine wall consists of three layers of tissue: 1. _Perimetrium_ 2. _Myometrium_ 3. _Endometrium_

Question 33

The outer layer of the uterus (perimetrium) has a shallow pouch called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and deep pouch at the posterior called the ______ and lateral extensions that are continuous as the _____ ligament

Answer 33

The outer layer of the uterus (perimetrium) has a shallow pouch called the _vesicouterine pouch_, and deep pouch at the posterior called the _rectouterine pouch_ and lateral extensions that are continuous as the _broad_ ligament

Question 34

Which part of the endometrium of the uterus sloughs off during menstruation?

Answer 34

Stratum functionalis

Question 35

\_\_\_\_\_\_ - deep to the stratum functionalis of the endometrium is a permanent layer that gives rise to new stratum functionalis

Answer 35

_Stratum basalis_ - deep to the stratum functionalis of the endometrium is a permanent layer that gives rise to new stratum functionalis

Question 36

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ secretions protect and nourish fertilized ovum following implantation

Answer 36

_Endometrial gland_ secretions protect and nourish fertilized ovum following implantation

Question 37

Blood supply to the uterus comes from branches of the → → → → (a) _______ supply stratum basalis and → (b) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_supply stratum functionalis

Answer 37

_Internal iliac artery_ → _Uterine arteries_ → _Arcuate arteries_ → _Radial arteries_→ (a) _Straight arterioles_ supply stratum basalis and → (b) _Spiral arterioles_ stratum functionalis

Question 38

The _____ is a long tubular fibro-muscular canal lined with mucous membrane

Answer 38

The _vagina_ is a long tubular fibro-muscular canal lined with mucous membrane

Question 39

The ______ is a recess that surrounds the vaginal attachment to the cervix * mucosa at this area forms transverse folds called \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 39

The _fornix_ is a recess that surrounds the vaginal attachment to the cervix * mucosa at this area forms transverse folds called _rugae_

Question 40

The vaginal wall consists of 3 layers of tissue: * \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_- consists of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium * _______ - consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle that stretches to accommodate the penis during sex and infant during childbirth * _______ - attaches vagina to adjacent organs (urethra, urinary bladder, rectum and anal canal)

Answer 40

The vaginal wall consists of 3 layers of tissue: * _Mucosa_- consists of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium * _Muscularis_ - consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle that stretches to accommodate the penis during sex and infant during childbirth * _Adventitia_ - attaches vagina to adjacent organs (urethra, urinary bladder, rectum and anal canal)

Question 41

\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the female external genitals and includes: * _______ - elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and coarse pubic hair that cushions the pubic symphysis * _______ - extends from ^ ; covered in pubic hair and contains abundant adipose tissue, sebaceous glands and apocrine sudoriferous (sweat) glands * _______ - located medial to ^ and consists of two smaller folds of skin that are devoid of hair and fat * _______ - Mass of erectile tissue and nerves at the anterior junction of labia minora

Answer 41

_pedundum_ refers to the female external genitals and includes: * _Mons pubis_ - elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and coarse pubic hair that cushions the pubic symphysis * _Labia majora_ - extends from ^ ; covered in pubic hair and contains abundant adipose tissue, sebaceous glands and apocrine sudoriferous (sweat) glands * _Labia minora_ - located medial to ^ and consists of two smaller folds of skin that are devoid of hair and fat * _Clitoris_ - Mass of erectile tissue and nerves at the anterior junction of labia minora

Question 42

The _____ is the region between labia minora

Answer 42

The _vestibule_ is the region between labia minora

Question 43

Mucus secreting glands of the vagina: * _________ glands - embedded in the urethral wall, empties through openings that flank the external urethral orifice * _________ glands - flank the vaginal orifice, secretes into a groove between hymen and labia minora * _________ glands - secrete into vestibule

Answer 43

Mucus secreting glands of the vagina: * _Paraurethral_ glands - embedded in the urethral wall, empties through openings that flank the external urethral orifice * _Greater vestibular_ glands - flank the vaginal orifice, secretes into a groove between hymen and labia minora * _Lesser vestibular_ glands - secrete into vestibule

Question 44

The breast project anterior to the ______ and ______ muscles

Answer 44

The breast project anterior to the _pectoralis major_ and _serratus anterior_ muscles

Question 45

The _\_\_\_\_\_\__ is a series of closely spaced openings of lactiferous ducts where milk emerges

Answer 45

The _nipple_ is a series of closely spaced openings of lactiferous ducts where milk emerges

Question 46

_Lactation_ is the process of milk synthesis, secretion and ejection * Milk is produced in _\_\_\_\__ located within _lobules_ * Milk is stored in _\_\_\_\_\_\__ and then carried out via _**\_\_\_\_\_\_**_ducts to the surface of the breast

Answer 46

_Lactation_ is the process of milk synthesis, secretion and ejection * Milk is produced in _alveoli_ located within _lobules_ * Milk is stored in _lactiferous sinus_ and then carried out via _lactiferous_ ducts to the surface of the breast

Question 47

The _\_\_\_\_\__ contains modified sebaceous glands

Answer 47

The _areola_ contains modified sebaceous glands

Question 48

The _**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**_of the breast (_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)_ run between the skin and fascia and support the breast.

Answer 48

The _suspensory ligaments_ of the breast (_Cooper’s ligaments_) run between the skin and fascia and support the breast.