Term 3 Exam: Chapter 21 Special Senses Flashcards
What is a primary difference between general senses and special senses?
Receptors of general senses have relatively simple structures and are scattered throughout the body
Receptors of Special senses are organized into sensory organs with specialized cells and structures
What are the five special senses?
- Hearing
- Equilibrium
- Vision
- Taste
- Smell
What three types of cells are found in olfactory epithelium?
- Olfactory receptor cells
- Supporting cells
- Basal cells
What is produced by the olfactory (bowmans) glands?
Mucus - to moisten epithelium and dissolve odorant molecules
What is the olfactory pathway?
______→_______→______→_______→_______→_______→(a)________/(b)_______
Olfactory receptor→Olfactory (I) nerves →Olfactory bulbs→ Olfactory tract → Cerebral Cortex→(a)Primary Olfactory Area /(b)Limbic system/(c) orbitofrontal area
From the Cerebral cortex, the olfactory pathway goes to either the Primary olfactory area, the Limbic system or the Orbitofrontal area. Where are each of these located and what are they involved in regarding smell?
- Primary olfactory area: in temporal lobe and involved in perception of smell
- Limbic system: in hypothalamus and involved in behaviour responses/scent memory
- Orbitofrontal area: in frontal lobe and involved in odor identification
Gustation is the sense of?
taste
What are the five primary tastes?
- sour
- bitter
- sweet
- salty
- umami
Each taste bud consists of which three types of epithelial cells?
- Supporting cells
- Gustatory receptor cells
- Basal cells
Where would you find taste buds?
On papillae (elevations of the tongue)
What are the three types of papillae that contain taste buds?
- Vallate papillae
- Fungiform papillae
- Foliate papillae
Which type of papillae contains tactile receptors but no taste buds?
Filiform papillae
What is the Gustatory pathway?
_________→_______→(a)(______→_______)/(b)(_____)
gustatory receptors in taste buds, cranial nerve VII and IX→gustatory nucleus in medulla→
(a) (thalamus→primary gustatory area)/
(b) (limbic system and hypothalamus)
What muscle moves the upper eyelids?
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
What is:
- The tarsal plate
- The tarsal glands
- The palpebral conjunctiva
- The tarsal plate - connective tissue that provides physical support to eyelid
- The tarsal glands - secretions prevent eyelids from adhering to eachother
- The palpebral conjunctiva - thin protective mucus layer
What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?
Produce and drain lacrimal fluid (tears)
What is the flow of tears?
What are the six extrinsic muscles that move each eye?
- Superior rectus
- Inferior rectus
- Medial rectus
- Lateral rectus
- Superior oblique
- Inferior oblique
The wall of the eyeball consists of three portions:
- Fibrous tunic - outer layer
- Vascular tunic - middle layer
- Retina - inner layer
the fibrous tunic includes three structures:
- Sclera
- Cornea
- Scleral Venous Sinus (a channel at the junction of the sclera and cornea
The vascular tunic includes what four structures?
- Choroid
- Ciliary body
- Iris
- Lens
the retina includes two features:
- Optic disc (location where optic (II) nerve exits the eyeball - blind spot)
- Macula lutea (exact center of retina) with fovea centralis (depression that has highest visual acuity)
The lens will focus light onto the ________
fovea centralis
The retina consists of two layers:
- Outer pigmented layer that helps choroid absorb stray light rays
- Inner neural sensory layer that contains 3 layers of neurons
What are the three layers of neurons in the retina?
- Photoreceptor cell layer - contains rods and cones
- Bipolar cell layer - horizontal cells and amacrine cells
- Ganglion cell layer - axons aggregate to form optic (II) nerve
The lens divides the interior of the eyeball into two cavities:
- Anterior Cavity filled with aqueous humor (secreted by ciliary processes)
- Vitreous Chamber (posterior cavity)
What is the hyaloid channel?
Narrow channel that travels through the vitreous body from the optic disc to the posterior aspect of the lens
What is the visual pathway?
_______→________→______→_______→
(a) ______→_____→_____→______
(b) ______
(c) ______
Bipolar cells → Optic (II) Nerve → Optic Chiasm →Optic Tract→
(a) Lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus) →Optic radiation → Primary visual areas of the occipital lobes
(b) Superior colliculi
(c) Pretectal nuclei
What are the three main regions of the ear and what is each responsible for?
- External ear - collects sound waves
- Middle ear - transmits sound waves to oval window
- Inner ear - houses receptors for hearing and equilibrium
The auricle of the ear consists of the ____ and _____
the helix and lobule
Which part of the ear can be found in the temporal bone and contains hair and ceruminous glands?
External Auditory Canal
The apex of the tympanic membrane (_____) forms the _____
The tympanic membrane is connected to the _____ of the middle ear?
The apex of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) forms the umbo
The tympanic membrane is connected to the malleus of the middle ear?
What two skeletal muscles attach to the ossicles and prevent damage?
Tensor tympani muscle
Stapedius muscle
The auditory tube opens to the _______ to equalize the air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane so it may vibrate freely
nasopharynx
What are the three auditory ossicles? Label:
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
What are the two main structural divisions of the inner ear?
- Outer bony labyrinth
- Inner membranous labyrinth
The outer bony labyrinth encloses an inner membranous labyrinth and is lined with ______ and filled with _____ and divided into three areas:
The outer bony labyrinth encloses an inner membranous labyrinth and is lined with periosteum and filled with perilymph and divided into three areas:
- Semicircular canal (ends are ampulla)
- Vestibule
- Cochlea
The inner membranous labyrinth is interconnected sacs and tubes that are lined with _____ and filled with ____
The inner membranous labyrinth is interconnected sacs and tubes that are lined with epithelium and filled with endolymph
The central spongy bone on which the cochlea spirals 2.5to2.75 turns is called the:
Modiolus
The cochlea contains three channels that spiral alongside eachother:
- Cochlear duct (scala media)
- Scala vestibuli
- Scala tympani
The scala vestibuli and scala tympani are connected by the ____ at the ____ of the cochlea
The scala vestibuli and scala tympani are connected by the helicotrema at the apex of the cochlea
What two membranes are found in the Cochlear duct?
Vestibular membrane
Basilar membrane
The ________ separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli
The vestibular membrane separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli
The _______ separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani
The Basilar Membrane separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani
What is the organ of corti?
Spiral organ that rests on the basilar membrane and contains inner and outer hair cells (mechanoreceptors)
The bases of the hair cells in the organ of corti synapse with neurons to form the ________ nerve
The bases of the hair cells in the organ of corti synapse with neurons to form the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve
The _______ membrane projects over and contacts the hair cells
Tectorial membrane
Label:
Inner hair cell
outer hair cell
tectorial membrane
basilar membrane
supporting cells
Label
What is the Auditory pathway?
______→_______→________→________→_______→________→________→_________
Spiral ganglia →cochlear nuclei→ Lateral lemniscus → Inferior Colliculus → Inferior Colliculus → Superior olivary nucleus →Medial geniculate nucleus → Primary auditory area (temporal lobe)
The ______\_ functions in equilibrium
The vestibular apparatus functions in equilibrium
What are the two types of equilibrium?
Static
Dynamic
Static/linear equilibrium involves the ____ and ____
Static/linear equilibrium involves the Utricle and sacculae
The ____ detect the position of the head in space and linear acceleration and deceleration
macula
Dynamic/rotational equilibrium involves the ______
Semicircular ducts
The ampulla contains a small elevation called the ______
crista
Each crista contains _____\_and ____\_ covered by a ______\_
Each crista contains hair cells and supporting cells covered by a gelatinous cupula
What is the equilibrium pathway?
_____\_→______\_→ _______\_→_______
Vestibular Ganglia→Vestibular branch of vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve → Vestibular nuclei→ inferior cerebellar peduncles
The vestibular nuclei integrate info from vestibular, visual and proprioceptors and then send commands to the following areas:
- _________
- _________
- _________
- _________
- Nuclei of cranial nerves III, IV, V
- Nuclei of cranial nerve XI
- Vestibulospinal tract
- Ventral posterior nucleus in the thalamus
