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HLSC 120 Human Anatomy > Term 3 Exam: Chapter 21 Special Senses > Flashcards

Term 3 Exam: Chapter 21 Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What is a primary difference between general senses and special senses?

A

Receptors of general senses have relatively simple structures and are scattered throughout the body

Receptors of Special senses are organized into sensory organs with specialized cells and structures

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2
Q

What are the five special senses?

A
  1. Hearing
  2. Equilibrium
  3. Vision
  4. Taste
  5. Smell
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3
Q

What three types of cells are found in olfactory epithelium?

A
  1. Olfactory receptor cells
  2. Supporting cells
  3. Basal cells
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4
Q

What is produced by the olfactory (bowmans) glands?

A

Mucus - to moisten epithelium and dissolve odorant molecules

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5
Q

What is the olfactory pathway?

______→_______→______→_______→_______→_______→(a)________/(b)_______

A

Olfactory receptor→Olfactory (I) nerves →Olfactory bulbs→ Olfactory tract → Cerebral Cortex→(a)Primary Olfactory Area /(b)Limbic system/(c) orbitofrontal area

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6
Q

From the Cerebral cortex, the olfactory pathway goes to either the Primary olfactory area, the Limbic system or the Orbitofrontal area. Where are each of these located and what are they involved in regarding smell?

A
  1. Primary olfactory area: in temporal lobe and involved in perception of smell
  2. Limbic system: in hypothalamus and involved in behaviour responses/scent memory
  3. Orbitofrontal area: in frontal lobe and involved in odor identification
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7
Q

Gustation is the sense of?

A

taste

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8
Q

What are the five primary tastes?

A
  1. sour
  2. bitter
  3. sweet
  4. salty
  5. umami
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9
Q

Each taste bud consists of which three types of epithelial cells?

A
  1. Supporting cells
  2. Gustatory receptor cells
  3. Basal cells
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10
Q

Where would you find taste buds?

A

On papillae (elevations of the tongue)

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11
Q

What are the three types of papillae that contain taste buds?

A
  1. Vallate papillae
  2. Fungiform papillae
  3. Foliate papillae
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12
Q

Which type of papillae contains tactile receptors but no taste buds?

A

Filiform papillae

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13
Q

What is the Gustatory pathway?

_________→_______→(a)(______→_______)/(b)(_____)

A

gustatory receptors in taste buds, cranial nerve VII and IX→gustatory nucleus in medulla→

(a) (thalamus→primary gustatory area)/
(b) (limbic system and hypothalamus)

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14
Q

What muscle moves the upper eyelids?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris muscle

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15
Q

What is:

  • The tarsal plate
  • The tarsal glands
  • The palpebral conjunctiva
A
  • The tarsal plate - connective tissue that provides physical support to eyelid
  • The tarsal glands - secretions prevent eyelids from adhering to eachother
  • The palpebral conjunctiva - thin protective mucus layer
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16
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?

A

Produce and drain lacrimal fluid (tears)

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17
Q

What is the flow of tears?

A
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18
Q

What are the six extrinsic muscles that move each eye?

A
  1. Superior rectus
  2. Inferior rectus
  3. Medial rectus
  4. Lateral rectus
  5. Superior oblique
  6. Inferior oblique
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19
Q

The wall of the eyeball consists of three portions:

A
  1. Fibrous tunic - outer layer
  2. Vascular tunic - middle layer
  3. Retina - inner layer
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20
Q

the fibrous tunic includes three structures:

A
  1. Sclera
  2. Cornea
  3. Scleral Venous Sinus (a channel at the junction of the sclera and cornea
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21
Q

The vascular tunic includes what four structures?

A
  1. Choroid
  2. Ciliary body
  3. Iris
  4. Lens
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22
Q

the retina includes two features:

A
  1. Optic disc (location where optic (II) nerve exits the eyeball - blind spot)
  2. Macula lutea (exact center of retina) with fovea centralis (depression that has highest visual acuity)
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23
Q

The lens will focus light onto the ________

A

fovea centralis

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24
Q

The retina consists of two layers:

A
  1. Outer pigmented layer that helps choroid absorb stray light rays
  2. Inner neural sensory layer that contains 3 layers of neurons
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25
Q

What are the three layers of neurons in the retina?

A
  1. Photoreceptor cell layer - contains rods and cones
  2. Bipolar cell layer - horizontal cells and amacrine cells
  3. Ganglion cell layer - axons aggregate to form optic (II) nerve
26
Q

The lens divides the interior of the eyeball into two cavities:

A
  1. Anterior Cavity filled with aqueous humor (secreted by ciliary processes)
  2. Vitreous Chamber (posterior cavity)
27
Q

What is the hyaloid channel?

A

Narrow channel that travels through the vitreous body from the optic disc to the posterior aspect of the lens

28
Q

What is the visual pathway?

_______→________→______→_______→

(a) ______→_____→_____→______
(b) ______
(c) ______

A

Bipolar cells → Optic (II) Nerve → Optic Chiasm →Optic Tract→

(a) Lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus) →Optic radiation → Primary visual areas of the occipital lobes
(b) Superior colliculi
(c) Pretectal nuclei

29
Q

What are the three main regions of the ear and what is each responsible for?

A
  1. External ear - collects sound waves
  2. Middle ear - transmits sound waves to oval window
  3. Inner ear - houses receptors for hearing and equilibrium
30
Q

The auricle of the ear consists of the ____ and _____

A

the helix and lobule

31
Q

Which part of the ear can be found in the temporal bone and contains hair and ceruminous glands?

A

External Auditory Canal

32
Q

The apex of the tympanic membrane (_____) forms the _____

The tympanic membrane is connected to the _____ of the middle ear?

A

The apex of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) forms the umbo

The tympanic membrane is connected to the malleus of the middle ear?

33
Q

What two skeletal muscles attach to the ossicles and prevent damage?

A

Tensor tympani muscle

Stapedius muscle

34
Q

The auditory tube opens to the _______ to equalize the air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane so it may vibrate freely

A

nasopharynx

35
Q

What are the three auditory ossicles? Label:

A

Malleus

Incus

Stapes

36
Q

What are the two main structural divisions of the inner ear?

A
  1. Outer bony labyrinth
  2. Inner membranous labyrinth
37
Q

The outer bony labyrinth encloses an inner membranous labyrinth and is lined with ______ and filled with _____ and divided into three areas:

A

The outer bony labyrinth encloses an inner membranous labyrinth and is lined with periosteum and filled with perilymph and divided into three areas:

  1. Semicircular canal (ends are ampulla)
  2. Vestibule
  3. Cochlea
38
Q

The inner membranous labyrinth is interconnected sacs and tubes that are lined with _____ and filled with ____

A

The inner membranous labyrinth is interconnected sacs and tubes that are lined with epithelium and filled with endolymph

39
Q

The central spongy bone on which the cochlea spirals 2.5to2.75 turns is called the:

A

Modiolus

40
Q

The cochlea contains three channels that spiral alongside eachother:

A
  1. Cochlear duct (scala media)
  2. Scala vestibuli
  3. Scala tympani
41
Q

The scala vestibuli and scala tympani are connected by the ____ at the ____ of the cochlea

A

The scala vestibuli and scala tympani are connected by the helicotrema at the apex of the cochlea

42
Q

What two membranes are found in the Cochlear duct?

A

Vestibular membrane

Basilar membrane

43
Q

The ________ separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli

A

The vestibular membrane separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli

44
Q

The _______ separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani

A

The Basilar Membrane separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani

45
Q

What is the organ of corti?

A

Spiral organ that rests on the basilar membrane and contains inner and outer hair cells (mechanoreceptors)

46
Q

The bases of the hair cells in the organ of corti synapse with neurons to form the ________ nerve

A

The bases of the hair cells in the organ of corti synapse with neurons to form the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve

47
Q

The _______ membrane projects over and contacts the hair cells

A

Tectorial membrane

48
Q

Label:

Inner hair cell

outer hair cell

tectorial membrane

basilar membrane

supporting cells

A
49
Q

Label

A
50
Q

What is the Auditory pathway?

______→_______→________→________→_______→________→________→_________

A

Spiral ganglia →cochlear nuclei→ Lateral lemniscus → Inferior Colliculus → Inferior Colliculus → Superior olivary nucleus →Medial geniculate nucleus → Primary auditory area (temporal lobe)

51
Q

The ______\_ functions in equilibrium

A

The vestibular apparatus functions in equilibrium

52
Q

What are the two types of equilibrium?

A

Static

Dynamic

53
Q

Static/linear equilibrium involves the ____ and ____

A

Static/linear equilibrium involves the Utricle and sacculae

54
Q

The ____ detect the position of the head in space and linear acceleration and deceleration

A

macula

55
Q

Dynamic/rotational equilibrium involves the ______

A

Semicircular ducts

56
Q

The ampulla contains a small elevation called the ______

A

crista

57
Q

Each crista contains _____\_and ____\_ covered by a ______\_

A

Each crista contains hair cells and supporting cells covered by a gelatinous cupula

58
Q

What is the equilibrium pathway?

_____\_→______\_→ _______\_→_______

A

Vestibular Ganglia→Vestibular branch of vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve → Vestibular nuclei→ inferior cerebellar peduncles

59
Q

The vestibular nuclei integrate info from vestibular, visual and proprioceptors and then send commands to the following areas:

  • _________
  • _________
  • _________
  • _________
A
  • Nuclei of cranial nerves III, IV, V
  • Nuclei of cranial nerve XI
  • Vestibulospinal tract
  • Ventral posterior nucleus in the thalamus
60
Q
A

HLSC 120 Human Anatomy (39 decks)

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