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HLSC 120 Human Anatomy > Term 3 Chapter 18 Brain > Flashcards

Term 3 Chapter 18 Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the brain in terms of nervous system?

A

The brain is the portion of the CNS that is contained within the cranium (cranial cavity)

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2
Q

What are the four major regions of the brain?

A
  1. Brainstem
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Diencephalon
  4. Cerebrum
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3
Q

What are three parts of the Brainstem?

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla oblongata
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4
Q

What are three parts of the Diencephalon?

A
  1. Epithalamus (includes pineal gland)
  2. Thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
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5
Q

The cerebrum is split into a right and left _______, each half has ____ lobes?

A

hemisphere, Five

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6
Q

What four structures play a role in support and protection of the brain?

A
  1. Cranium (skull)
  2. Cranial Meninges
  3. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  4. Blood-Brain barrier
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7
Q

How does cerebrospinal fluid protect and support the brain?

A

CSF is clear, colourless fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injury

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8
Q

The cranial meninges are _______ with the spinal meninges: Outer ________, Middle________, and Innermost _________

A

The cranial meninges are continuous with the spinal meninges: Outer dura mater, Middle arachnoid mater, and Innermost pia mater

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9
Q

How does the cranial dura mater compare to the spinal dura mater?

A

The cranial dura mater has 2 layers while the spinal dura mater has only one

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10
Q

Between the spinal dura mater and the vertebral wall, there is an epidural space. Where is the epidural space around the brain?

A

There is NO epidural space around the brain

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11
Q

The two cranial dura mater layers around the brain are fused together and separate to enclose the __________

A

The two cranial dura mater layers around the brain are fused together and separate to enclose the dural venous sinuses

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12
Q

What are the dural venous sinuses?

A

Endothelial lined venous channels that drain venous blood from the brain and deliver it into the internal jugular veins

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13
Q

The dura mater form 3 extensions that separate parts of the brain. What are these extensions and what do they separate?

A
  1. Falx cerebri: separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
  2. Falx cerebelli: separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
  3. Tentorium cerebelli: separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
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14
Q

What are the three main functions of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A
  1. Mechanical protection: absorbs shock
  2. Chemical protection: CSF provides optimal chemical environment for neuronal signalling
  3. Circulation: medium for minor exchange in nutrients and oxygen and waste products between blood and nervous tissue
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15
Q

Where does the majority of CSF production occur?

A

In the choroid plexuses (capillary networks) in the walls of ventricles

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16
Q

How many CSF-filled ventricles can be found in the brain? What is their purpose?

A

4
Serve as a reservoir of CSF secreted from adjacent choroid plexuses

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17
Q

What are the four csf-filled ventricles in the brain called?

A
  1. 2x lateral ventricles (one in each hemisphere of the cerebrum)
  2. Third ventricle
  3. Fourth ventricle
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18
Q

The two lateral ventricles are separated by the_______

A

the septum pelucidum

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19
Q

Which ventricle lies between the brainstem and cerebellum

A

the fourth ventricle

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20
Q

Which ventricle is a narrow cavity along midline superior to the hypothalamus, and between the right and left halves of the thalamus

A

The third ventricle

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21
Q

CSF Circulation:

  • CSF formed in the choroid plexuses of each lateral ventricle flows into the third ventricle through the ___________\_
  • More CSF added in the ________
  • CSF then flows to the _______ via the ______ of the midbrain (______) - passes through the midbrain
  • Small amounts of CSF travel downward through the _______ of the spinal cord
  • Majority of CSF enters the ________ via the 3 openings (______, or paired ______) in the _________
A
  • CSF formed in the choroid plexuses of each lateral ventricle flows into the third ventricle through the Interventricular foramina
  • More CSF added in the third ventricle
  • CSF then flows to the fourth ventricle via the aqueduct of the midbrain ( cerebral aqueduct) - passes through the midbrain
  • Small amounts of CSF travel downward through the central canal of the spinal cord
  • Majority of CSF enters the subarachnoid space via the 3 openings ( Median aperture , or paired lateral apertures ) in the fourth ventricle
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22
Q

CSF circulation continued:

  • CSF then circulates through the ________ around the surface of the brain and spinal cord
  • CSF is gradually reabsorbed into the blood through _________
A
  • CSF then circulates through the Subarachnoid space around the surface of the brain and spinal cord
  • CSF is gradually reabsorbed into the blood through arachnoid villi
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23
Q

What are arachnoid villi?

A

Fingerlike extensions of the arachnoid that project into the dural venous sinuses, especially the superior sagittal sinus

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24
Q

Label the summary of the formation, circulation and absorption of CSF

A
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25
Label the sagittal section of the brain
26
What is the function blood-brain barrier?
Protects brain from harmful substances and pathogens - very selective of what can cross - Proteins and antibiotics cannot cross - small compounds (ie oxygen, carbon dioxide, anaesthetic drugs and alcohol) can cross
27
What does the blood brain barrier consist of? What is the purpose of astrocytes in the BBB?
Tight junctions between endothelial cells of brain capillaries - Thick basement membrane surrounds the capillaries - Astrocytes help maintain the strength of tight junctions
28
The Brainstem is part of the brain between the _____ and the ______ and consists of three structures:
The Brainstem is part of the brain between the _spinal cord_ and the _diencephalon_ and consists of three structures: 1. Midbrain 2. Pons 3. Medulla oblongata
29
What is the Reticular formation?
net-like region of interspersed grey and white matter that extends throughout the brainstem
30
The ________ is a continuation of the superior part of the spinal cord\
Medulla oblongata
31
The medulla oblongata begins at the _______ and extends to the inferior border of the _____ to form the ______ part of the brainstem
The medulla oblongata begins at the _foramen magnum_ and extends to the inferior border of the _pons_ to form the _inferior_ part of the brainstem
32
The medulla oblongata contains nuclei that control vital functions; what are these nuclei?
Masses of grey matter where neurons synapse with other neurons
33
The medulla oblongata has four "centers" that control various functions. What are they?
1. Cardiac centre: controls rate of heartbeat 2. Vasomotor centre: controls blood pressure by causing arteriole constriction 3. Respiratory centre: controls the rate and depth of breathing 4. Centres of reflex: eg sneezing, coughing, swallowing etc
34
What are pyramids in the medulla oblongata?
White matter that bulges on the anterior aspects of the medulla
35
What is decussation of the pyramidal olive?
crossing of axons of the spinal cord from right to left and vice versa
36
What does the inferior olivary nucleus (in medulla oblongata) do
Relay impulses from proprioceptors to cerebellum
37
What are the gracile and cutaneous nuclei (medulla oblongata) How do signals travel here?
Associated with touch, pressure, vibrations and proprioception Signal travels in axons through the *medial lemniscus* to the thalamus
38
What five pairs of cranial nerves have nuclei of origin in the medulla oblongata?
1. Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves - hearing 2. Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves - taste, swallowing and salivation 3. Vagus (X) nerves - mixed (sensory and motor) nerve that is widely distributed from the head, neck into the thorax and abdomen 4. Accessory (XI) nerves - cranial portion include the first five segments of the cervical spinal cord to coordinate head movements 5. Hypoglossal (XII) nerves - control the tongue relating to speech and swallowing
39
The pons consists of \_\_\_\_\_\_(\_\_\_\_) and _____ and forms a _____ that connects parts of the brian with one another
The pons consists of _nuclei_ (_pontine nuclei_) and _tracts_ and forms a _bridge_ that connects parts of the brain with one another; connect the right and left sides of the cerebellum
40
the pons links the cerebellum with the \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_
the pons links the cerebellum with the _midbrain_, _diencephalon_, _cerebrum_, _medulla oblongata_, and _spinal cord_
41
Label:
42
The pons contains nuclei associated with which four pairs of cranial nerves? What are each of these nerves in charge of?
1. Trigeminal (V) nerves - receive sensory impulses from the head and face and provide motor impulses that control chewing 2. Abducens (VI) nerves - motor control of eyeball movements 3. Facial (VII) nerves - receive sensory impulses for taste, provide motor impulses that control salivation, tears, and facial expressions 4. Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves - nerves of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear relating to balance and equilibrium
43
The midbrain (aka mesencephalon) extends from the ____ to the \_\_\_\_\_
The midbrain extends from the _pons_ to the _diencephalon_
44
The ______ passes through the midbrain connecting the ____ ventricle above to the _____ ventricle below
The _Cerebral aqueduct_ passes through the midbrain connecting the _third_ ventricle above to the _fourth_ ventricle below
45
The anterior part of the midbrain contains a pair of tracts called\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Cerebral peduncles
46
The posterior part of the midbrain is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and has two features:
tectum 1. Superior colliculi 2. Inferior colliculi
47
What are the superior colliculi (midbrain)
two superior elevations of the midbrain - nuclei that serves as the centers for certain **visual activities** eg tracking eye movements/ movements of head and neck
48
What are the inferior colliculi?
Inferior elevations Part of the auditory reflex Relays impulse from the receptors for hearing in the ear to the thalamus
49
What is the substantia nigra? What does it release? What is the result of damage to its neurons?
Dark pigmented nuclei * neurons release dopamine and help control subconcious muscle activities * Loss of neurons = parkinsons
50
What do red nuclei appear red? What is the function of red nuclie?
* Looks red because of rich blood supply * Function with cerebellum to coordinate muscular movement
51
What is the mesencephalic nucleus?
The ONLY nucleus in the CNS that is not a synaptic relay station between neurons -Contains sensory cell bodies of proprioceptive neurons: spatial sense of body parts relative to one another
52
Which is the only nucleus in the central nervous system that isn't a synaptic relay centre between neurons?
the Mesencephalic nucleus in the midbrain
53
Nuclei in the midbrain are associated with which two cranial nerves? What are these nerves involved in?
1. Oculomotor (III) nerves: * Provide motor impulses that control movement of eyeballs * Accessory occulomotor nuclei provide motor control of the smooth muscles that regulate constriction of the pupil and shape of lens 2. Trochlear (IV) nerves: * Provide motor impulses that control movements of eyeball
54
What is the reticular formation? What does it contain?
In the midbrain: * broad region of netlike arrangement of white and grey matter * Contains both ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) neurons
55
What part of the midbrain extends from the superior part of the spinal cord, throughout the brainstem, and into the inferior part of the diencephalon?
The Reticular Formation
56
What is the Reticular Activating System (RAS)? What does it function in?
* Projections of sensory axons from the reticular formation into the cerebral cortex * Helps Maintain Consciousness - Active during awakening from sleep; maintain attention and alertness
57
The reticular formation's main descending function is to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; to help maintain \_\_\_\_\_\_
The reticular formation's main descending function is to _help regulate muscle tone_; to help maintain _posture_
58
The ______ is the second largest part of the brain
Cerebellum
59
The central constricted area of the cerebellum is called the?
The vermis
60
What does the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum contribute to?
equilibrium and balance
61
The anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum govern _______ ?
The anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum govern _subconscious aspects of the skeletal muscle activities_ eg catching a ball
62
What does the cerebellar cortex consist of
grey matter in a series of slender parallel ridges called *folia*
63
What are arbor vitae (cerebellum)?
Tracts of white matter
64
Located within white matter of the cerebellum are the _________ which are the origin of axons that carry impulses from the cerebellum to other brain centers and to the spinal cord
Located within white matter of the cerebellum are the _cerebellar nuclei_ which are the origin of axons that carry impulses from the cerebellum to other brain centers and to the spinal cord
65
Cerebellar ______ are bundles of white matter consisting of axons that conduct impulse between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain that attach the cerebellum to the brainstem
Peduncles
66
What part of the brain is illustrated: forms a central core of brain tissue just superior to the midbrain
Diencephalon
67
The diencephalon contains numerous _____ involved in _____ and ______ processing between higher and lower brain centres
The diencephalon contains numerous _nuclei_ involved in _sensory_ and _motor_ processing between higher and lower brain centres
68
What three structures are a part of the diencephalon?
1. thalamus 2. hypothalamus 3. epithalamus
69
Projecting from the hypothalamus is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
pituitary gland
70
The _____ transmits information from the cerebellum and basal ganglia to the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
71
The thalamus is a "major relay station" for ?
Most sensory impulses from the spinal cord, brainstem, and midbrain that reach the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex
72
What are the seven major groups of nuclei on each side of the thalamus?
1. Anterior nucleus 2. Medial nuclei 3. Lateral group 4. Ventral group 5. Intralaminar nuclei 6. midline nucleus 7. Reticular nucleus
73
The anterior nucleus of the thalamus connects the _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The anterior nucleus of the thalamus connects the _hypothalamus_ and _limbic system_
74
The medial nuclei of the thalamus connect to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_
The medial nuclei of the thalamus connect to the _cerebral cortex_, _limbic system_, and _basal ganglia_
75
Which group of nuclei of the thalamus connect to superior colliculi, limbic system and cortex in all lobes of the cerebellum?
The Lateral group
76
The ventral group of nuclei in the thalamus consists of five different nuclei:
1. ventral anterior nucleus 2. ventral lateral nucleus 3. ventral posterior nucleus 4. Lateral geniculate nucleus 5. Medial geniculate nucleus
77
The intralaminar nuclei lie within the ______ and makes connections with the \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, ______ and wide areas of the \_\_\_\_\_
The intralaminar nuclei lie within the _internal medullary lamina_ and makes connections with the _reticular formation, cerebellum, basal ganglia,_ and wide areas of the _cerebral cortex_
78
The ______ nucleus of the thalamus forms a thin band adjacent to the third ventricle and is presumed to function in memory and olfaction
Midline
79
The _____ nucleus of the thalamus surrounds the lateral aspect of the thalamus and monitors, filters and integrates activities of other thalamic nuclei
Reticular nucleus
80
The hypothalamus is composed of a dozen or so nuclei in four major regions, name the regions
1. Mammillary region 2. Tuberal region 3. Supraoptic region 4. Preoptic region
81
The mammillary region of the hypothalamus serves as a relay station for reflexes related to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Sense of smell
82
The tuberal region of the hypothalamus is the widest part of the hypothalamus and includes three nuclei: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, ________ and _______ as well as a stalk like _______ which connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
The tuberal region of the hypothalamus is the widest part of the hypothalamus and includes three nuclei: _dorsomedial, ventromedial, and arcuate nuclei_ as well as a stalk-like _infundibulum_ which connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
83
Which region of the Hypothalamus lies **superior to the optic chiasm**? Which four nuclei can be found in this region?
Supraoptic region 1. paraventricular nucleus 2. supraoptic nucleus 3. anterior hypothalamic nucleus 4. suprachiasmatic nucleus
84
The preoptic region of the hypothalamus contains the _____ and _____ \_\_\_\_\_ _____ and functions in the regulation of?
The preoptic region of the hypothalamus contains the _medial_ and _lateral preoptic nuclei_ and functions in the regulation of *certain autonomic activities: thirst, and implied parental and sexual behaviours*
85
The hypothalamus controls many body activities: * Major regulator of _______ (temperature, water/electrolyte balance) by controlling and integrating the activities of the \_\_\_\_\_\_ * Produces \_\_\_\_\_\_ * Acts as a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * Regulation of: * \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * Emotional and behavioural patterns (ie sexual response; aggression; pleasure etc)
The hypothalamus controls many body activities: * Major regulator of _homeostasis_ (temperature, water/electrolyte balance) by controlling and integrating the activities of the _autonomic nervous system (ans)_ * Produces _hormones_ * Acts as a _cardiovascular centre_ * Regulation of: * _sleeping/wakefulness (circadian rhythm)_ * Emotional and behavioural patterns (ie sexual response; aggression; pleasure etc)
86
Posterior to the thalamus is the \_\_\_\_\_\_
epithalamus
87
The epithalamus consists of the _____ gland and the ______ nuclei
The epithalamus consists of the _pineal_ gland and the _habenular_ nuclei
88
Habenular nuclei (of epithalamus) are involved in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
olfaction In particular: emotional responses to odors
89
The pineal gland protrudes from the posterior midline of the ________ and is a part of the endocrine system that secretes the hormone \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The pineal gland protrudes from the posterior midline of the _third ventricle_ and is a part of the endocrine system that secretes the hormone _melatonin_
90
What are the circumventricular organs? What do they do?
Parts of the diencephalon that lie in the wall of the third ventricle and monitor chemical changes in the blood
91
Name three structures that are a part of the Circumbentricular Organs:
1. Part of the hypothalamus 2. Pineal gland 3. pituitary gland
92
Why is the circumventricular organs a site of HIV entrance to the brain?
It lacks a blood brain barrier
93
Functionally, the regions of the Circumventricular organs (pineal gland, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland) coordinate ________ activities of the ______ and _____ systems.
Functionally, the regions of the Circumventricular organs (pineal gland, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland) coordinate _homeostatic_ activities of the _endocrine_ and _nervous_ systems
94
The cerebrum is considered the site of ?
intelligence
95
What is the largest part of the human brain?
The cerebrum
96
The cerebrum consists of the ______ and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The cerebrum consists of the _cerebral hemispheres_ and the _basal ganglia_
97
What separates the left and right halves of the cerebrum?
The falx cerebri
98
Each hemisphere contains: * An outer rim of grey matter: the \_\_\_\_\_\_ * An internal region of \_\_\_\_\_\_ * _______ nuclei deep within the white matter
Each hemisphere contains: * An outer rim of grey matter: the _cerebral cortex_ * An internal region of _white matter_ * _Grey matter_ nuclei deep within the white matter
99
What are the folds of the cerebrum called?
gyri or convolutions
100
Deep grooves between the folds of the cerebrum are called?
fissures
101
Shallow grooves between the folds of the cerebrum are ?
sulci
102
What are the four cerebral lobes?
Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital
103
The ______ separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
Central sulcus
104
Located **immediately anterior to the central sulcus** is the _______ which contains the primary motor area
Located **immediately anterior to the central sulcus** is the _precentral gyrus_ which contains the primary motor area
105
The _______ separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe
Lateral cerebral sulcus
106
The _\_\_\_\_\_\_\__ separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe
The _parieto-occipital sulcus_ separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe
107
What are the three primary types of myelinated axons in the cerebral white matter?
1. Association tracts 2. commissural tracts 3. Projection tracts
108
Which tracts in the cerebral white matter conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere?
Association tracts
109
What are the motor areas of the cerebrum?
* Primary motor area * Motor speech area (broca's area)
110
what are the five sensory areas of the cerebrum?
* Primary somatosensory area * Primary visual area * Primary auditory area * Primary gustatory area * Primary olfactory area
111
What are the five association areas of the cerebrum?
* Somatosensory association area * Visual association area * Auditory association area * Wernicke's area * Gnostic area
112
The limbic system's primary role is in?
range of emotion - Including pain, pleasure, docility, affection, anger etc - Involved in social and sexual behaviours as well as memory
113
What are the basal nuclei?
collection of three nuclei located deep within each cerebral hemisphere
114
What do the basal nuclei do?
Control automatic movements of skeletal muscles and muscle tone - regulate initiation and termination of movements
115
Activity of neurons in the ______ precedes (anticipates) body movements
putamen
116
Activity of neurons of _______ precedes eye movement
Caudate nucleus
117
\_\_\_\_\_\_ (of basal nuclei) helps regulate muscle tone for specific body movements?
Globus pallidus
118

HLSC 120 Human Anatomy (39 decks)

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