Term 2 Exam: Chapter 8 Upper Limb and Hand Flashcards
What are the thirty bones in the free part of the upper limb?
- 1 Humerus
- 1 ulna
- 1 Radius
- 8 Carpels
- 5 Metacarpels
- 19 Phalanges
What is the longest and largest bone of the free part of the upper limb?
The humerus
Where does the proximal ball-shaped head of the humerus articulate?
The proximal ball-shaped head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula
The distal end of the humerus has what two features?
- Capitulum
- Trochlea
What does the Capitulum (of the humerus) articulate with?
The radius
What des the Trochlea (of the humerus) articulate with?
The Ulna
What 5 surface features does the Proximal end of the humerus have?
- Lesser tubercle
- Greater tubercle
- Intertubercular groove or sulcus (bicipital groove)
- Anatomical neck
- Surgical neck
What are two surface structures of the body of the humerus?
- Deltoid tuberosity
- Radial groove
What are seven surface features of the Distal end of the Humerus?
- Capitulum
- Trochlea
- Radial fossa
- Coronoid fossa
- Medial Epicondyle
- Lateral Epicondyle
The longer of the two forearm bones is called?
The Ulna
Anatomically, relative to the radius, where is the ulna located?
Medial to the radius
What are seven structures that the ulna contains?
- Olecranon (tip of elbow)
- Coronoid process
- Trochlear notch
- Radia notch
- Ulna tuberosity
- Head
- Styloid process
Anatomically, relative to the ulna, where is the Radius located?
The radius lies lateral to the ulna (thumb side of the forearm)
What is the shape of the head of the radius? Where does it articulate?
Disc-shaped
Articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna
What is the Radial tuberosity? (of the radius)
Attachment site for biceps brachii muscle
What is the styloid process of the the radius?
Lateral projection of radius
At what two sites of the elbow joint do the ulna and radius articulate with the humerus?
Where the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus
Where the trochlear notch of the ulna receives the trochlear of the humerus
The ulna and radius are connected at three sites, What are they?
- Intercrosseous membrane:
- joins the shafts of both bones
- provides sites of attachment for deep skeletal muscles of the forearm
- Proximal radioulnar joint:
- Head of the radius articulates with ulna’s radial notch
- Distal radioulnar joint:
- head of the ulna articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius
One hand has how many bones? how are they divided?
27
- 8 carpals
- 5 metacarpals
- 14 phalanges
What is the mnemonic for carpal bones?
Stop
Letting
Those
People
Touch
The
Cadaver’s
Hand
Name the carpal bones that coordinate with the mnemonic:
Stop
Letting
Those
People
Touch
The
Cadaver’s
Hand
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetrum
- Pisiform
- Trapezium
- Trapezoid
- Capitate
- Hamate
How many rows of carpal bones are in each carpus (wrist)?
Two
- Distal
- Proximal
What four bones are in the proximal row?
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetrum
- Pisiform
Remember:
Stop
Letting
Those
People
What four carpal bones are in the Distal Row?
- Trapezium
- Trapezoid
- Capitate
- Hamate
Remember:
Touch
That
Cadaver’s
Hand
What is the carpal tunnel? What is the purpose?
- Space between carpal bones flexor retinaculum
- Median nerve passes through
How many metacarpals are there?
5
How are the metacarpals numbered?
I to V from lateral to medial
How many phalanges are there and how are they divided in the hand?
14
- 2 bones in the thumb (pollex)
- 3 bones in each of the four fingers
What three features does each phalanx have?
- A base
- A shaft
- A head
What are the three joints of the phalanges?
- Carpometacarpal
- Metacarpophalangeal
- Interphalangeal
What kind of joint are the humero-ulna and humero-radial joints?
Hinge joints
Pivot action
What three ligaments does each metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint have?
- An Anterior Palmar ligament
- Two Collateral ligaments
Muscles that move the elbow cause what kind of movement?
Flexion and extension at the elbow
What are the three flexor muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm and forearm?
- Biceps brachii
- Brachialis
- Brachioradialis
What are the two extensor muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm and forearm?
- Triceps brachii
- Anconeus
What do flexor muscles do at the elbow?
Flexors decrease the angle of the elbow
What movement do extensors provide at the elbow joint?
Extensors increase the angle of the elbow (opposite function of the flexors)
What is the supination movement of the forearm and what muscle is responsible?
Supination:
- palm of hand faces anteriorly;
- radius and ulna are parallel
Muscle: Supinator
Provide an example of two movements that represent the power of the supinator
Turning a corkscrew or twisting a screw with a screwdriver
What is pronation of the forearm and which muscles are responsible?
- palm of hand faces posteriorly
- Radius and ulna cross eachother
Muscles:
- Pronator teres
- Pronator quadratus
What two muscle groups are the muscles that move the hand, wrist and digits divided into?
- Anterior (flexor) Compartment muscles
- Posterior (extensor) compartment muscles
What are the five superficial anterior (flexor) compartment muscles?
- Pronator teres
- flexor carpi radialis
- palmaris longus
- flexor carpi ulnaris
- flexor digitorum superfacialis
What are the three deep anterior (flexor) compartment muscles?
- flexor pollicis longus
- flexor digitorum profundus
- Pronator quadratus
What are the six posterior compartment muscles?
- Brachiodialis
- Extensor carpi radialis longus
- extensor carpi radialis brevis
- extensor digitorum
- extensor digiti minimi
- extensor carpi ulnaris
What are the four deep posterior compartment muscles?
- Abductor pollicis longus
- extensor pollicis longus
- extensor pollicis brevis
- extensor indicis
What are the two key tendons in the wrist?
- Flexor retinaculum
- Extensor retinaculum
What is the carpal tunnel?
Space “tunnel” formed by the flexor retinaculum and carpal bones through which the median nerve and flexor tendons pass
What are the four components of the carpal tunnel?
- median nerve
- tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis muscles
- tendons of flexor digitorum profundus muscles
- tendon of flexor pollicis longus muscle
What are the intrinsic muscles of the hand? Name the three groups.
Small muscles that originate and insert on the hand
- Thenar group
- Hypothenar group
- Midpalmar group
What is the thenar group of intrinsic muscles and what part of the hand do they act on?
- The thenar group forms the thick fleshy mass (thenar eminence) at the base of the thumb
- Act on the thumb
What are the four muscles that form the thenar group?
- Abductor pollicis brevis
- Opponens pollicis
- Flexor pollicis brevis
- Adductor pollicis
Learn the movements of the thumb and what they look like:
- Flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- opposition
What is the hypothenar group and what part of the hand do they act on?
The hypothenar group forms the smaller fleshy mass (hypothenar eminence) at the base of the little finger
- Act of the little finger
What are the three muscles of the hypothenar group?
- Abductor digiti minimi
- Flexor digiti minimi brevis
- opponens digiti minimi
What is the midpalmar group? How many muscles make up this group?
- Occupies the space between the thenar and hypothenar groups
- Made up of 11 muscles
How are the eleven midpalmer muscles divided and how many are in each division?
- Lubricals (4 muscles)
- Palmar interossei (4 muscles)
- Dorsal interossei (3 muscles)
What are the lubricals?
- originate from and insert into tendons of other muscles
- first lumbrical
- second lumbrical
- third lumbrical
- fourth lumbrical
What are the palmar interossei and Dorsal interossei?
- Palmar interossei: Smallest and most anterior of the interossei muscles of the midpalmar group
- Dorsal interossei: most posterior interossei muscles
From which trunk are the pectoral girdle and upper limbs supplied with blood?
Branches from the brachiocephalic trunk
Follow the Arterial path of blood supplied to the upper body:
Label the diagram of the arterial path of the blood supply to the hand
What is the superficial path blood travels from the hand to the heart:
What is the Deep Venous blood flow from hand to heart
