TB Flashcards
1
Q
- In 1882, how many humans died of tuberculosis?
A
a. 1 in7
2
Q
- How many people in the world were infected with tuberculosis in 1882?
A
a. 1/3 of the population
3
Q
- Where is the human T.B thought to have evolved from ~15,000 years ago?
A
a. M. bovis
4
Q
- What contributed to the first and second major endemic outbreaks of TB?
A
a. When villages of 200-4000 people were established
b. When cities where established
5
Q
- What type of microorganism is T.B?
A
a. A mycobacterium
6
Q
- Is TB a gram positive or gram-negative bacterium?
A
a. Gram-positive
7
Q
- Does TB produce spores?
A
a. NO
8
Q
- Is TB aerobic or anaerobic?
A
a. Obligate aerobe because it requires oxygen for it metabolism and reproduce
b. Can remain dormant for a long time in an anaerobic environment
9
Q
- Is TB mobile? How does it move around?
A
a. NO
b. Moves in the macrophages
10
Q
- What shape is TB?
A
a. A baccilus
11
Q
- What is the generation time of TB, and is this considered fast or slow?
A
a. 15-20 hours
b. Slow
12
Q
- What is 50% of TB dry cell weight?
A
a. Mycolic acid
13
Q
- What kind of stains can a TB bacterium hold?
A
a. Acidic stains
14
Q
- What can TB confer resistance to?
A
a. Detergent
b. Antibacterial agents
15
Q
- What is responsible for many of the TB bacterium’s properties?
A
a. Mycolic acid
16
Q
- What type of bacterium is TB?
A
a. Myobacterium
17
Q
- What mycobacterium causes the majority of TB infections in humans?
A
a. M. tuberculosis
18
Q
- What are the mycobacterium that cause TB in humans (5)? and what is one that does not cause infection in humans but birds?
A
a. M. Tuburculoisis
b. M. Bovis
c. M. Africaum
d. M. microti
e. M canetti
f. M avium
19
Q
- What macrobacterium do not cause TB in humans?
A
a. M. avium
20
Q
- How many species of mycobacterium are there?
A
a. 137 species
21
Q
- What names did TB go by in the past?
A
a. Consumption
b. Wasting disease
c. White plague
22
Q
- Until when did people think that TB was hereditary?
A
a. 1800s
23
Q
- What year did Jean antoine-villemin demonstrate that TB was contagious?
A
a. 1865
24
Q
- In 1882 ___________ discovered M. tuberculosis was caused my a bacterium.
A
a. Robert Koch
25
26. Before antibiotics in 1940, were did most people with living people with TB get sent?
a. Sanatoriums
26
27. What treatments di those who got sent to sanitoriums get?
a. Bed rest
b. Open-air
c. Sunshine
27
28. What happened to those who couldn’t afford sanatoriums?
Grave
28
29. During what time period were antibiotics that treat TB discovered?
a. 1940 – 1950
29
30. Drugs to treat TB are ______ discovered in 1943 and _______ & _______discovered in 1952.
a. streptomycin
b. Isoniazid
c. P-aminoaslicyclic acid
30
31. In what decade did the majority of TB sanatoriums close?
a. 1970s
31
32. What decade was there a resurgence of TB?
a. the 1980s
32
33. Why was there an insurgence of TB in the 1980s (5)?
a. No funding for TB control
b. HIV epidemic
c. Immigration
d. Homeless shelters and prisons
e. Multidrug resistance
33
34. In what year did increase in government (WHYTE) funding for TB programmes begin?
a. 1992
34
35. Is TB eradicated?
a. NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
35
36. How is TB transmitted?
a. Person to person in air via droplets
36
37. How are the TB droplets expelled from a person?
a. Cough
b. Sneeze
c. Speak
d. Sings
37
38. TB is a facultative intracellular _________ ?
a. Pathogen
38
40. What immune cell does TB manipulate?
a. Phages
39
41. How does TB interact with phages?
a. Uses the phagocytic vacuole for survival and replication
b. Uses multiple ligand-receptor interactions to promote phagocytosis
c. Prevents fushion of the phagosome with lysosome
40
42. What advantages does the TB haver by being phagocyosed (4)?
a. Protexction form explution
b. Less hostile environment
c. Supplied with nutrition
d. Allows for mobility
41
43. What effects the possibility of transmission?
a. Infection levels of the sick individual
b. Environment which exposure occurs
c. Length of exposure
d. Virulence of the tubercle bacilli
42
44. What are the best ways to prevent transmission?
a. Isolate infected people
| b. Treat infected people
43
45. When infected with TB, the immune system is effective resulting in __________ or its is ineffective and __________.
a. Effective: infection limited to small area of the lungs
| b. Ineffective: multisystem infection
44
46. What is the infection rate of people exposed to TB_______ not infected and ________ infected?
a. 70-90% not infected
| b. 10-30% infected
45
47. Of those infected with TB What are the two routes of infection?
a. Latent and active
46
48. What percentage of those infected with TB develop latent TB?
a. 90%
47
49. What percentage of those infected with TB are infected with the active form of TB?
a. 10%
48
50. What symptoms do those infected with the latent formof TB present with?
a. Never develop active disease
49
51. If an individual has the active form of TB and is not treated some will survive, how long can someone live with TB for who die?
a. 2 years
50
52. If you are treated for the active form of TB can youstill die?
a. HELL YEAH you can
51
53. How many people in the world had TB in 2018?
a. 30% of the population
52
54. How many globally new cases a year are there of TB?
a. 10 million
53
55. How many people globally dies each year from TB?
a. 1.8 million deaths
54
56. What percentage of the USA population has TB?
a. ~3-5% infected
55
57. How many new cases of TB is there in the united states?
a. _12,000
56
58. What is the mortaility rate of people ing the US from TB?
a. 5-7%/ 600 people per year
57
59. What is latent pathogenicity with TB?
a. Tuburcle baccili are int eh body, but the immune system is keeping them under control
58
60. How is latent TB tested for?
a. Skin scratches Mantoux tuberculin skin test
| b. Blood tests: interferon ganna release assays
59
61. Are people with laten TB infectcious?
a. qNOOOOOO
60
62. How long canit take for symptoms of TB to develop?
a. Years
61
63. What percentage of people with latent TB develop active TB
a. 10%
62
64. What is inhaled to be infected with TB?
Droplet nuclei containing tubercle bacilli
63
65. Where do the Droplet nuclei containing tubercle bacilli travel to once inhaled?
a. The alveoli
64
66. Where do the TB reproduce in the lungs?
a. Alveoli
65
67. Can TB spread through the body, and if so how does it?
a. Yes
| b. Blood stream
66
68. The majority iof TB infections are _________ infections and affect which organ?
a. Pulmonary
| b. Lungs
67
69. What organs and tissue are affected by extrapulmonary TB infections?
a. Larynx
b. Lymph nodes
c. Pleura
d. Brain
e. Kidneys
f. Bones and jopints
68
70. Who is at higher risk of extrapulmonary infections?
a. HIV
b. Immunosupressed
c. Children
69
71. What is millary TB?
a. Brought to the whole body via the blood stream
70
72. What immune systems treat the TB?
a. Macrophages
71
73. How do macrophages control and eradicate TYB?
a. Surround the TB, then creates a barrier shield to contain the TB
b. The TB gets out once number reach to many
72
74. At what stage is the risk of developing TB disease at the highest?
a. The first two years after initial infection
73
75. Can people with latent TB be given treatment to prevent active TB?
a. Yes
74
76. How is TB diagnosed (9)?
a. Medical history
b. Physical examination
c. Mantoux tuberculin skin test
d. Chest radiography
e. Microscopy
f. Culture
g. Histopatholgic exam
h. Haematologi exam
i. DNA detection
75
77. If diagnosed with pulmonary TB how liong do you take antibiotics for?
a. 6 month
76
78. If diagnosed with extra- pulmonary TB how liong do you take antibiotics for?
a. Longer then 6 months
77
79. Who gets given treatment for latent TB?
gets given treatment for latent TB?
| a. Those with HIV and healthcare workers
78
80. What is a major issue with TB?
a. Multidrug resistance
79
81. Preventitive measure?
a. BCG
80
82. What medication was discontinued in the UK butmight be brought back?
a. BCG
81
1. What percentage of human pathogens are zoonotic?
a. 62%
82
2. What percentage of live stock pathogens can infect wildlife?
a. 54%
83
3. What percentage of human pathogens can infect wildlife?
a. 44%
84
4. If a pathogen can interact with wild life it is ________ more likely to cause an emerging human disease.
a. 2X
85
5. What are the main issues with Emerging zoonotic infections (6)?
a. • novel paths to infect naïve hosts
b. • drastic effect on host health and mortality
c. • infect multiple species, promoting residence of pathogen in the system
d. • affect population levels and fecundity rates
e. • impact on conservation management
f. • economic and social consequences (direct and indirect)
86
6. What percentage of people in Africa have been exposed to TB?
a. 90%
87
7. What percentage of TB cases are in developing countries?
a. 80%
88
8. When was TB first documented?
a. 5,000 BC
89
9. Where in Africa has the largest population of people with HIV?
a. South Africa
90
10. Where in Africa has the largest population of Bovine TB?
a. South Africa
91
11. What type of environment does M. bovis live?
a. Cold, dark, and mesophilic conditions
92
12. In what year was M bovis, and M. tuberculosis differentiated?
a. 1898
93
13. In the early 1900s, what percentage of TB was likerly caused by M. bovis?
a. 10%
94
14. What year was the tate-Federal Cooperative Bovine TB Program established?
a. 1917
95
15. What populations still have M. bovis?
a. Developing countries
96
16. What is the transmission route of M. Bovis?
a. Oral
b. Aerosal
c. Passive
d. Derivative product
e. Vertical
f. Horizonal
g. Predation
97
17. How is M. bovis transmittred in humans?
a. Ingestion:
i. unpasteurised milk
ii. Raw uncooked meat
b. Aerosol
c. Breaks in skin
d. Person-person: usually only immuno compromised
98
18. What is a spill over host?
a. Spillover infection, also known as pathogen spillover and spillover event, occurs when a reservoir population with a high pathogen prevalence comes into contact with a novel host population. The pathogen is transmitted from the reservoir population and may or may not be transmitted within the host population.
99
19. Are spill over hosts infectious?
a. Yes
100
20. Are cattle the only reseviour host of M. bovis?
a. They are the main one, but there are others
101
21. What are the routes of transmission for TB M.bovis reseviour hosts?
a. Aerosol
b. Ingestion
c. Cutaneous, genitial, congentital
d. Asymptomatic carriers
102
22. Are there Asymptomatic carriers of TB BOVIS?
a. Yes
103
23. What animals catch M bovis from eating?
a. Pigs
b. Ferrets
c. Cats
d. Deer
104
24. What animals pass the TB through respiratory means?
a. Cats
105
25. What animals pass the TB through bites and scratches?
a. Cats
| b. Badgers
106
26. What animals involved in spread through inhalation?
a. Non-human primates
| b. Badgers
107
27. Whar reseviour hosts are thee for M bovis?
a. Cattle
b. Opossum and ferrets
c. Badgers
d. Bison and elk
e. Kudu and African buffalo
f. White tale dear
108
28. What spill over hosts are there for M bovis?
a. Sheep
b. Goats
c. Horses
d. Pigs
e. Dogs
f. And a billion more
109
29. What are the clinical signs in cattle in late stage?
a. Progressive emaciation
b. Fever, weakness and inappetence
c. Moist cough
d. Enlarged, draining lymph nodes
110
30. What are the clinical symptoms of M. bovis in cats?
a. Weight loss, feve dehydration
b. Vom town
c. Enlarged lymph nodes and skin infection
d. Deformity of forehead and bridge of nose
e. Blindness and retinal distachments
111
31. What are the symptoms of M. bovis in oppsums and badgers?
a. Pulmonary disease
112
32. What is the tubucles also called?
a. Granulomas
113
33. What do granulomas look like?
a. Yelloy
b. Caseous
c. Calcified
d. Appear like an abcess
114
34. Where are granulomas found when you have TB?
a. Lymph nodes and organs
115
35. How is M bovis controlled in developed countries?
a. Routine testing
116
36. What percentage of farm cats are infected with M bovis?
a. 50%
117
37. What percentage of elk are infected with M bovis?
a. 1-5%
118
38. What paercentage of Michigan white-tailed deer are infected with M. bovis?
a. 2-4%
119
39. What percentage of brush-tailed opossums are infected with M. Bovis?
a. 50%
120
40. What percentage of badgers are infected with M.Bovis?
a. 0-40%
| b. Average of 5%
121
41. What happens if a cow is tested positive for M bovis?
a. Then the herd is culled
b. And all domestic farm animals are treated
c. Some countries might test and segregate then cull
d. Cleaning and disinfection
122
43. What happens when wildlife reseviours are found to have TB?
a. They are killed, DEATH, cross the rainbow bridge
123
44. Where is Kruger Park?
a. South Africa
124
45. What level of prevalence is there of M. Bovis in Kruger park buffalo?
a. 60%
125
46. What animals are spill over species of M. bovis in kruger park?
a. Lions and leopards
126
47. What spillover host shed M bovis from their ears onto shrubs?
a. KUDU
127
48. How M. Bovis introduced to kruger national park?
a. White people
128
49. How did it spread so fast?
a. Incorrect temporal scale used for prediction
129
50. What is a temporal scale?
a. Temporal scale is habitat lifespan relative to the generation time of the organism, and spatial scale is the distance between habitat patches relative to the dispersal distance of the organism. ... Population size increased with increasing temporal scale and decreased with increasing spatial scale.
130
51. Bovine tuberculosis is an exotic disease introduced from Europe so there is no ______ of host and pathogen.
a. Co-evolution
131
52. Once the M. bovis was introduced to kruger nation park, what animal was only thought to be infected, but what other animals can it infect?
a. Buffalo
| b. Lions, KUDU, warthog, babbons and small antelope
132
53. What diseases were of higher priority in kruger national park when M. bovis was introduced which prevented the M bovis treatment?
a. Anthrax
b. Rabies
c. FMD
133
54. /how many buffalo in kruger national park are collared?
a. 100+
134
55. What percentage of the buffalo population are branded?
a. 2%
135
56. How is buffalo controlled?
a. Mass captures and testing
| b. And infected buffalo removed for pathology analysis
136
57. Traditional animal disease models assume ______ mixing of individuals, not the _____connections
a. Random
| b. Individual
137
58. Spatial disease modaels assume limited dosp[ersal between _______ groups
a. Fixed
138
59. Individual’s risk of infection depends on the _____ state of the population.
a. Global
139
60. What is network perspective?
a. Network perspective is the ability. to look beyond formal, designated. relationships and see the complex. web of connections between people. in and beyond your organization.
140
61. What factorcs from a network perspective are to be taken into account when controlling M. Bovis?
a. Population structure
b. • Landscape topology
c. • Total number of infected individuals
d. • Speed of the disease spread
141
62. Network perspective is important in determining the _______of disease infection and invasion
a. Probability
142
63. What state was there an outbreak of tubervculosis in dear and cattle?
a. Michigan
143
64. In what year did Michigan declear the stae TB free?
a. 1979
144
65. When did TB re-emerge in deer in and in what year for cattle in Michigan?
a. 1994 and 1995
| b. 1998
145
66. Deer were massively increasing in numbers when re-emergence occurred, why is this thought to be the case?
a. Supplementery feeding
146
67. What risks were there from the re-emergence of TB in Michigan?
a. $ 4 Billion direct economic activity
b. $ 2 Billion indirect
c. $1.3 Billion livestock industry
d. 1.5 Million cattle on 15,000 farms
e. 800 Plus ranched deer and elk facilities
f. 1.7 Million white tailed deer
g. 800,000 to 900,000 hunters
147
68. What were the main issues with re-emergence of TB in Michigan?
a. Prevalence rate
b. Extent of spread
c. Host range
d. Potential spill over
e. Defining reservoir host
148
69. What started the TB spread/ re-emergence of TB in Michigan?
a. The deer population exponentially grew
149
70. There was a hot spot found in _____ townships which were responsible for ____% of the TB infection during the re-emergence of TB in Michigan?
a. 8
| b. 70%
150
71. How did all the case of re-emergence of TB in Michigan get linked?
a. DNA fingerprinting
151
72. When was there a quarantine zone defined for the re-emergence of TB in Michigan?
a. 1999
152
73. When did Michigan lose its TB free status?
a. 2000
153
74. In a means to control the TB outbreak the was a change to the Michigan ______ ______Act?
a. Animal
| b. Industry
154
75. In a means to control the TB outbreak the was an introduction of _________ ________ ordinance for dairies.
a. Pastaurized
| b. Milk
155
76. In 2001 what newly emerged animal was infected in the re-emergence of TB in Michigan and how many cattle heards infected?
a. Elk
| b. 14
156
77. In 1996 _______ many elk were infected with TB in 2000 ______ many elk were infected.
a. 848
| b. 1
157
78. The deer movements in the the re-emergence of TB in Michigan were alone a _______ mile straight line, most deer travelled _______ miles and occassioanly __________ miles, with _____% migrating between summer and winter.
a. 28miles
b. 1-5 miles
c. 10 miles
d. 50%
158
79. As of June 8, 2000, the Natural Resources Commission banned _____and ______in any county where one or more confirmed cases of Bovine Tuberculosis in white-tailed deer was found.
a. Feeding and baiting
159
80. What animals and countries were involved in the Alpine wildlife case study?
a. Bavaria, Austria, Switzerland: Red deer, European badger, Roe deer, Red fox, Chamois, Marmot
160
81. The Alpine case study between 2004- 2010 Of the 90 cases studied how many of the cases were in Bavaria?
a. 55%
161
82. In 2011 and 2012, how many districts were part of the study?
a. 5 districts
162
83. What was the objective of the Alpine case study?
a. Prevalence in wild
b. Role of red deer for transmission to live stock
c. Transmission between wild life and live stock
d. Risk assessment
163
84. What were the sample species in the Alpine case study?
a. Red deer
b. Roe deer
c. Chamois
d. Badger
e. Marmot
f. Fox
164
85. What tissue samples were taken?
a. Tonsil
b. Retropharyngeal lymph nodes
c. Lung lymph nodes
d. Intestinal lymph nodes
165
86. What were the recommendations for game management in the Alpine case study?
a. Reduce red deer denisity
b. Avoid contact of wildlife and livestock
c. Removal of salt licks for wild life and live stock
d. Disinfection of feeding sites after feeding period
166
87. TB in Meerkats cause by what TB?
a. Human or bovis, the cunt didn’t make it clear
167
What are the different layers of the mycobacterium tuberculosis From inner most section to outermost section
```
Cell membrane
Periplasm
peptidoglycan
Arabinogalactan
Outer membrane
Capsule
```
168
What are the the primary components of the peptidoglycan?
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
169
What is Arabinogalactan?
a biopolymer consisting of arabinose and galactose monosaccharides.
170
What is the outer membrane of the mycobacterium made of?
Free lipids
glycolipids
mycolic acid
171
What is found in the capsule of a mycobacterium?
prtoeins, lipids, glucans and arabian
172
What is PI3P?
