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TB Flashcards

1
Q
  1. In 1882, how many humans died of tuberculosis?
A

a. 1 in7

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2
Q
  1. How many people in the world were infected with tuberculosis in 1882?
A

a. 1/3 of the population

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3
Q
  1. Where is the human T.B thought to have evolved from ~15,000 years ago?
A

a. M. bovis

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4
Q
  1. What contributed to the first and second major endemic outbreaks of TB?
A

a. When villages of 200-4000 people were established

b. When cities where established

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5
Q
  1. What type of microorganism is T.B?
A

a. A mycobacterium

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6
Q
  1. Is TB a gram positive or gram-negative bacterium?
A

a. Gram-positive

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7
Q
  1. Does TB produce spores?
A

a. NO

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8
Q
  1. Is TB aerobic or anaerobic?
A

a. Obligate aerobe because it requires oxygen for it metabolism and reproduce
b. Can remain dormant for a long time in an anaerobic environment

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9
Q
  1. Is TB mobile? How does it move around?
A

a. NO

b. Moves in the macrophages

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10
Q
  1. What shape is TB?
A

a. A baccilus

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11
Q
  1. What is the generation time of TB, and is this considered fast or slow?
A

a. 15-20 hours

b. Slow

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12
Q
  1. What is 50% of TB dry cell weight?
A

a. Mycolic acid

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13
Q
  1. What kind of stains can a TB bacterium hold?
A

a. Acidic stains

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14
Q
  1. What can TB confer resistance to?
A

a. Detergent

b. Antibacterial agents

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15
Q
  1. What is responsible for many of the TB bacterium’s properties?
A

a. Mycolic acid

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16
Q
  1. What type of bacterium is TB?
A

a. Myobacterium

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17
Q
  1. What mycobacterium causes the majority of TB infections in humans?
A

a. M. tuberculosis

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18
Q
  1. What are the mycobacterium that cause TB in humans (5)? and what is one that does not cause infection in humans but birds?
A

a. M. Tuburculoisis
b. M. Bovis
c. M. Africaum
d. M. microti
e. M canetti
f. M avium

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19
Q
  1. What macrobacterium do not cause TB in humans?
A

a. M. avium

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20
Q
  1. How many species of mycobacterium are there?
A

a. 137 species

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21
Q
  1. What names did TB go by in the past?
A

a. Consumption
b. Wasting disease
c. White plague

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22
Q
  1. Until when did people think that TB was hereditary?
A

a. 1800s

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23
Q
  1. What year did Jean antoine-villemin demonstrate that TB was contagious?
A

a. 1865

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24
Q
  1. In 1882 ___________ discovered M. tuberculosis was caused my a bacterium.
A

a. Robert Koch

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25
Q
  1. Before antibiotics in 1940, were did most people with living people with TB get sent?
A

a. Sanatoriums

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26
Q
  1. What treatments di those who got sent to sanitoriums get?
A

a. Bed rest
b. Open-air
c. Sunshine

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27
Q
  1. What happened to those who couldn’t afford sanatoriums?
A

Grave

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28
Q
  1. During what time period were antibiotics that treat TB discovered?
A

a. 1940 – 1950

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29
Q
  1. Drugs to treat TB are ______ discovered in 1943 and _______ & _______discovered in 1952.
A

a. streptomycin
b. Isoniazid
c. P-aminoaslicyclic acid

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30
Q
  1. In what decade did the majority of TB sanatoriums close?
A

a. 1970s

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31
Q
  1. What decade was there a resurgence of TB?
A

a. the 1980s

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32
Q
  1. Why was there an insurgence of TB in the 1980s (5)?
A

a. No funding for TB control
b. HIV epidemic
c. Immigration
d. Homeless shelters and prisons
e. Multidrug resistance

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33
Q
  1. In what year did increase in government (WHYTE) funding for TB programmes begin?
A

a. 1992

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34
Q
  1. Is TB eradicated?
A

a. NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

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35
Q
  1. How is TB transmitted?
A

a. Person to person in air via droplets

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36
Q
  1. How are the TB droplets expelled from a person?
A

a. Cough
b. Sneeze
c. Speak
d. Sings

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37
Q
  1. TB is a facultative intracellular _________ ?
A

a. Pathogen

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38
Q
  1. What immune cell does TB manipulate?
A

a. Phages

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39
Q
  1. How does TB interact with phages?
A

a. Uses the phagocytic vacuole for survival and replication
b. Uses multiple ligand-receptor interactions to promote phagocytosis
c. Prevents fushion of the phagosome with lysosome

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40
Q
  1. What advantages does the TB haver by being phagocyosed (4)?
A

a. Protexction form explution
b. Less hostile environment
c. Supplied with nutrition
d. Allows for mobility

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41
Q
  1. What effects the possibility of transmission?
A

a. Infection levels of the sick individual
b. Environment which exposure occurs
c. Length of exposure
d. Virulence of the tubercle bacilli

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42
Q
  1. What are the best ways to prevent transmission?
A

a. Isolate infected people

b. Treat infected people

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43
Q
  1. When infected with TB, the immune system is effective resulting in __________ or its is ineffective and __________.
A

a. Effective: infection limited to small area of the lungs

b. Ineffective: multisystem infection

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44
Q
  1. What is the infection rate of people exposed to TB_______ not infected and ________ infected?
A

a. 70-90% not infected

b. 10-30% infected

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45
Q
  1. Of those infected with TB What are the two routes of infection?
A

a. Latent and active

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46
Q
  1. What percentage of those infected with TB develop latent TB?
A

a. 90%

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47
Q
  1. What percentage of those infected with TB are infected with the active form of TB?
A

a. 10%

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48
Q
  1. What symptoms do those infected with the latent formof TB present with?
A

a. Never develop active disease

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49
Q
  1. If an individual has the active form of TB and is not treated some will survive, how long can someone live with TB for who die?
A

a. 2 years

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50
Q
  1. If you are treated for the active form of TB can youstill die?
A

a. HELL YEAH you can

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51
Q
  1. How many people in the world had TB in 2018?
A

a. 30% of the population

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52
Q
  1. How many globally new cases a year are there of TB?
A

a. 10 million

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53
Q
  1. How many people globally dies each year from TB?
A

a. 1.8 million deaths

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54
Q
  1. What percentage of the USA population has TB?
A

a. ~3-5% infected

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55
Q
  1. How many new cases of TB is there in the united states?
A

a. _12,000

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56
Q
  1. What is the mortaility rate of people ing the US from TB?
A

a. 5-7%/ 600 people per year

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57
Q
  1. What is latent pathogenicity with TB?
A

a. Tuburcle baccili are int eh body, but the immune system is keeping them under control

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58
Q
  1. How is latent TB tested for?
A

a. Skin scratches Mantoux tuberculin skin test

b. Blood tests: interferon ganna release assays

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59
Q
  1. Are people with laten TB infectcious?
A

a. qNOOOOOO

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60
Q
  1. How long canit take for symptoms of TB to develop?
A

a. Years

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61
Q
  1. What percentage of people with latent TB develop active TB
A

a. 10%

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62
Q
  1. What is inhaled to be infected with TB?
A

Droplet nuclei containing tubercle bacilli

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63
Q
  1. Where do the Droplet nuclei containing tubercle bacilli travel to once inhaled?
A

a. The alveoli

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64
Q
  1. Where do the TB reproduce in the lungs?
A

a. Alveoli

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65
Q
  1. Can TB spread through the body, and if so how does it?
A

a. Yes

b. Blood stream

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66
Q
  1. The majority iof TB infections are _________ infections and affect which organ?
A

a. Pulmonary

b. Lungs

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67
Q
  1. What organs and tissue are affected by extrapulmonary TB infections?
A

a. Larynx
b. Lymph nodes
c. Pleura
d. Brain
e. Kidneys
f. Bones and jopints

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68
Q
  1. Who is at higher risk of extrapulmonary infections?
A

a. HIV
b. Immunosupressed
c. Children

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69
Q
  1. What is millary TB?
A

a. Brought to the whole body via the blood stream

70
Q
  1. What immune systems treat the TB?
A

a. Macrophages

71
Q
  1. How do macrophages control and eradicate TYB?
A

a. Surround the TB, then creates a barrier shield to contain the TB
b. The TB gets out once number reach to many

72
Q
  1. At what stage is the risk of developing TB disease at the highest?
A

a. The first two years after initial infection

73
Q
  1. Can people with latent TB be given treatment to prevent active TB?
A

a. Yes

74
Q
  1. How is TB diagnosed (9)?
A

a. Medical history
b. Physical examination
c. Mantoux tuberculin skin test
d. Chest radiography
e. Microscopy
f. Culture
g. Histopatholgic exam
h. Haematologi exam
i. DNA detection

75
Q
  1. If diagnosed with pulmonary TB how liong do you take antibiotics for?
A

a. 6 month

76
Q
  1. If diagnosed with extra- pulmonary TB how liong do you take antibiotics for?
A

a. Longer then 6 months

77
Q
  1. Who gets given treatment for latent TB?
A

gets given treatment for latent TB?

a. Those with HIV and healthcare workers

78
Q
  1. What is a major issue with TB?
A

a. Multidrug resistance

79
Q
  1. Preventitive measure?
A

a. BCG

80
Q
  1. What medication was discontinued in the UK butmight be brought back?
A

a. BCG

81
Q
  1. What percentage of human pathogens are zoonotic?
A

a. 62%

82
Q
  1. What percentage of live stock pathogens can infect wildlife?
A

a. 54%

83
Q
  1. What percentage of human pathogens can infect wildlife?
A

a. 44%

84
Q
  1. If a pathogen can interact with wild life it is ________ more likely to cause an emerging human disease.
A

a. 2X

85
Q
  1. What are the main issues with Emerging zoonotic infections (6)?
A

a. • novel paths to infect naïve hosts
b. • drastic effect on host health and mortality
c. • infect multiple species, promoting residence of pathogen in the system
d. • affect population levels and fecundity rates
e. • impact on conservation management
f. • economic and social consequences (direct and indirect)

86
Q
  1. What percentage of people in Africa have been exposed to TB?
A

a. 90%

87
Q
  1. What percentage of TB cases are in developing countries?
A

a. 80%

88
Q
  1. When was TB first documented?
A

a. 5,000 BC

89
Q
  1. Where in Africa has the largest population of people with HIV?
A

a. South Africa

90
Q
  1. Where in Africa has the largest population of Bovine TB?
A

a. South Africa

91
Q
  1. What type of environment does M. bovis live?
A

a. Cold, dark, and mesophilic conditions

92
Q
  1. In what year was M bovis, and M. tuberculosis differentiated?
A

a. 1898

93
Q
  1. In the early 1900s, what percentage of TB was likerly caused by M. bovis?
A

a. 10%

94
Q
  1. What year was the tate-Federal Cooperative Bovine TB Program established?
A

a. 1917

95
Q
  1. What populations still have M. bovis?
A

a. Developing countries

96
Q
  1. What is the transmission route of M. Bovis?
A

a. Oral
b. Aerosal
c. Passive
d. Derivative product
e. Vertical
f. Horizonal
g. Predation

97
Q
  1. How is M. bovis transmittred in humans?
A

a. Ingestion:
i. unpasteurised milk
ii. Raw uncooked meat
b. Aerosol
c. Breaks in skin
d. Person-person: usually only immuno compromised

98
Q
  1. What is a spill over host?
A

a. Spillover infection, also known as pathogen spillover and spillover event, occurs when a reservoir population with a high pathogen prevalence comes into contact with a novel host population. The pathogen is transmitted from the reservoir population and may or may not be transmitted within the host population.

99
Q
  1. Are spill over hosts infectious?
A

a. Yes

100
Q
  1. Are cattle the only reseviour host of M. bovis?
A

a. They are the main one, but there are others

101
Q
  1. What are the routes of transmission for TB M.bovis reseviour hosts?
A

a. Aerosol
b. Ingestion
c. Cutaneous, genitial, congentital
d. Asymptomatic carriers

102
Q
  1. Are there Asymptomatic carriers of TB BOVIS?
A

a. Yes

103
Q
  1. What animals catch M bovis from eating?
A

a. Pigs
b. Ferrets
c. Cats
d. Deer

104
Q
  1. What animals pass the TB through respiratory means?
A

a. Cats

105
Q
  1. What animals pass the TB through bites and scratches?
A

a. Cats

b. Badgers

106
Q
  1. What animals involved in spread through inhalation?
A

a. Non-human primates

b. Badgers

107
Q
  1. Whar reseviour hosts are thee for M bovis?
A

a. Cattle
b. Opossum and ferrets
c. Badgers
d. Bison and elk
e. Kudu and African buffalo
f. White tale dear

108
Q
  1. What spill over hosts are there for M bovis?
A

a. Sheep
b. Goats
c. Horses
d. Pigs
e. Dogs
f. And a billion more

109
Q
  1. What are the clinical signs in cattle in late stage?
A

a. Progressive emaciation
b. Fever, weakness and inappetence
c. Moist cough
d. Enlarged, draining lymph nodes

110
Q
  1. What are the clinical symptoms of M. bovis in cats?
A

a. Weight loss, feve dehydration
b. Vom town
c. Enlarged lymph nodes and skin infection
d. Deformity of forehead and bridge of nose
e. Blindness and retinal distachments

111
Q
  1. What are the symptoms of M. bovis in oppsums and badgers?
A

a. Pulmonary disease

112
Q
  1. What is the tubucles also called?
A

a. Granulomas

113
Q
  1. What do granulomas look like?
A

a. Yelloy
b. Caseous
c. Calcified
d. Appear like an abcess

114
Q
  1. Where are granulomas found when you have TB?
A

a. Lymph nodes and organs

115
Q
  1. How is M bovis controlled in developed countries?
A

a. Routine testing

116
Q
  1. What percentage of farm cats are infected with M bovis?
A

a. 50%

117
Q
  1. What percentage of elk are infected with M bovis?
A

a. 1-5%

118
Q
  1. What paercentage of Michigan white-tailed deer are infected with M. bovis?
A

a. 2-4%

119
Q
  1. What percentage of brush-tailed opossums are infected with M. Bovis?
A

a. 50%

120
Q
  1. What percentage of badgers are infected with M.Bovis?
A

a. 0-40%

b. Average of 5%

121
Q
  1. What happens if a cow is tested positive for M bovis?
A

a. Then the herd is culled
b. And all domestic farm animals are treated
c. Some countries might test and segregate then cull
d. Cleaning and disinfection

122
Q
  1. What happens when wildlife reseviours are found to have TB?
A

a. They are killed, DEATH, cross the rainbow bridge

123
Q
  1. Where is Kruger Park?
A

a. South Africa

124
Q
  1. What level of prevalence is there of M. Bovis in Kruger park buffalo?
A

a. 60%

125
Q
  1. What animals are spill over species of M. bovis in kruger park?
A

a. Lions and leopards

126
Q
  1. What spillover host shed M bovis from their ears onto shrubs?
A

a. KUDU

127
Q
  1. How M. Bovis introduced to kruger national park?
A

a. White people

128
Q
  1. How did it spread so fast?
A

a. Incorrect temporal scale used for prediction

129
Q
  1. What is a temporal scale?
A

a. Temporal scale is habitat lifespan relative to the generation time of the organism, and spatial scale is the distance between habitat patches relative to the dispersal distance of the organism. … Population size increased with increasing temporal scale and decreased with increasing spatial scale.

130
Q
  1. Bovine tuberculosis is an exotic disease introduced from Europe so there is no ______ of host and pathogen.
A

a. Co-evolution

131
Q
  1. Once the M. bovis was introduced to kruger nation park, what animal was only thought to be infected, but what other animals can it infect?
A

a. Buffalo

b. Lions, KUDU, warthog, babbons and small antelope

132
Q
  1. What diseases were of higher priority in kruger national park when M. bovis was introduced which prevented the M bovis treatment?
A

a. Anthrax
b. Rabies
c. FMD

133
Q
  1. /how many buffalo in kruger national park are collared?
A

a. 100+

134
Q
  1. What percentage of the buffalo population are branded?
A

a. 2%

135
Q
  1. How is buffalo controlled?
A

a. Mass captures and testing

b. And infected buffalo removed for pathology analysis

136
Q
  1. Traditional animal disease models assume ______ mixing of individuals, not the _____connections
A

a. Random

b. Individual

137
Q
  1. Spatial disease modaels assume limited dosp[ersal between _______ groups
A

a. Fixed

138
Q
  1. Individual’s risk of infection depends on the _____ state of the population.
A

a. Global

139
Q
  1. What is network perspective?
A

a. Network perspective is the ability. to look beyond formal, designated. relationships and see the complex. web of connections between people. in and beyond your organization.

140
Q
  1. What factorcs from a network perspective are to be taken into account when controlling M. Bovis?
A

a. Population structure
b. • Landscape topology
c. • Total number of infected individuals
d. • Speed of the disease spread

141
Q
  1. Network perspective is important in determining the _______of disease infection and invasion
A

a. Probability

142
Q
  1. What state was there an outbreak of tubervculosis in dear and cattle?
A

a. Michigan

143
Q
  1. In what year did Michigan declear the stae TB free?
A

a. 1979

144
Q
  1. When did TB re-emerge in deer in and in what year for cattle in Michigan?
A

a. 1994 and 1995

b. 1998

145
Q
  1. Deer were massively increasing in numbers when re-emergence occurred, why is this thought to be the case?
A

a. Supplementery feeding

146
Q
  1. What risks were there from the re-emergence of TB in Michigan?
A

a.  $ 4 Billion direct economic activity
b.  $ 2 Billion indirect
c.  $1.3 Billion livestock industry
d.  1.5 Million cattle on 15,000 farms
e.  800 Plus ranched deer and elk facilities
f.  1.7 Million white tailed deer
g.  800,000 to 900,000 hunters

147
Q
  1. What were the main issues with re-emergence of TB in Michigan?
A

a. Prevalence rate
b.  Extent of spread
c.  Host range
d.  Potential spill over
e.  Defining reservoir host

148
Q
  1. What started the TB spread/ re-emergence of TB in Michigan?
A

a. The deer population exponentially grew

149
Q
  1. There was a hot spot found in _____ townships which were responsible for ____% of the TB infection during the re-emergence of TB in Michigan?
A

a. 8

b. 70%

150
Q
  1. How did all the case of re-emergence of TB in Michigan get linked?
A

a. DNA fingerprinting

151
Q
  1. When was there a quarantine zone defined for the re-emergence of TB in Michigan?
A

a. 1999

152
Q
  1. When did Michigan lose its TB free status?
A

a. 2000

153
Q
  1. In a means to control the TB outbreak the was a change to the Michigan ______ ______Act?
A

a. Animal

b. Industry

154
Q
  1. In a means to control the TB outbreak the was an introduction of _________ ________ ordinance for dairies.
A

a. Pastaurized

b. Milk

155
Q
  1. In 2001 what newly emerged animal was infected in the re-emergence of TB in Michigan and how many cattle heards infected?
A

a. Elk

b. 14

156
Q
  1. In 1996 _______ many elk were infected with TB in 2000 ______ many elk were infected.
A

a. 848

b. 1

157
Q
  1. The deer movements in the the re-emergence of TB in Michigan were alone a _______ mile straight line, most deer travelled _______ miles and occassioanly __________ miles, with _____% migrating between summer and winter.
A

a. 28miles
b. 1-5 miles
c. 10 miles
d. 50%

158
Q
  1. As of June 8, 2000, the Natural Resources Commission banned _____and ______in any county where one or more confirmed cases of Bovine Tuberculosis in white-tailed deer was found.
A

a. Feeding and baiting

159
Q
  1. What animals and countries were involved in the Alpine wildlife case study?
A

a. Bavaria, Austria, Switzerland: Red deer, European badger, Roe deer, Red fox, Chamois, Marmot

160
Q
  1. The Alpine case study between 2004- 2010 Of the 90 cases studied how many of the cases were in Bavaria?
A

a. 55%

161
Q
  1. In 2011 and 2012, how many districts were part of the study?
A

a. 5 districts

162
Q
  1. What was the objective of the Alpine case study?
A

a. Prevalence in wild
b. Role of red deer for transmission to live stock
c. Transmission between wild life and live stock
d. Risk assessment

163
Q
  1. What were the sample species in the Alpine case study?
A

a. Red deer
b. Roe deer
c. Chamois
d. Badger
e. Marmot
f. Fox

164
Q
  1. What tissue samples were taken?
A

a. Tonsil
b. Retropharyngeal lymph nodes
c. Lung lymph nodes
d. Intestinal lymph nodes

165
Q
  1. What were the recommendations for game management in the Alpine case study?
A

a. Reduce red deer denisity
b. Avoid contact of wildlife and livestock
c. Removal of salt licks for wild life and live stock
d. Disinfection of feeding sites after feeding period

166
Q
  1. TB in Meerkats cause by what TB?
A

a. Human or bovis, the cunt didn’t make it clear

167
Q

What are the different layers of the mycobacterium tuberculosis From inner most section to outermost section

A 
Cell membrane 
Periplasm 
peptidoglycan 
Arabinogalactan
Outer membrane 
Capsule
168
Q

What are the the primary components of the peptidoglycan?

A

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

169
Q

What is Arabinogalactan?

A

a biopolymer consisting of arabinose and galactose monosaccharides.

170
Q

What is the outer membrane of the mycobacterium made of?

A

Free lipids
glycolipids
mycolic acid

171
Q

What is found in the capsule of a mycobacterium?

A

prtoeins, lipids, glucans and arabian

172
Q

What is PI3P?

A

Zoonoses (23 decks)

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